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Beginning about A.D. 1250, the Zuni area of New Mexico witnessed a massive population aggregation in which the inhabitants of hundreds of widely dispersed villages relocated to a small number of large, architectecturally planned pueblos. Over the next century, 27 of these pueblos were constructed, occupied briefly, and then abandoned. Another dramatic settlement shift occurred about A. D. 1400, when the locus of population moved west to the "Cities of Cibola" discovered by Coronado in 1540. Keith Kintigh demonstrates how changing agricultural strategies and developing mechanisms of social integration contributed to these population shifts. In particular, he argues that occupants of the earliest large pueblos relied on runoff agriculture, but that gradually spring-and river-fed irrigation systems were adopted. Resultant strengthening of the mechanisms of social integration allowed the increased occupational stability of the protohistorical Zuni towns.

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The purpose of this research was to see if there were technological differences in ground stone manufacturing and use from a single site that had been occupied for over 600 years, A.D. 550-A.D. 1150, and had multiple occupations that evolved over time (Late Pithouse Phases, Georgetown, San Francisco, and Three Circle through the Classic Mimbres Period). An assessment of the ground stone assemblage was made based on a technological approach to analyzing ground stone. A general artifact code system listing attributes common in ground stone artifacts was created to use as a guide during the analysis phase. The information gathered from the examination of the ground stone assemblage was placed into a database for analysis. The site had been heavily vandalized prior to excavation and the data showed that 30.4 percent of the recovered ground stone artifacts came from this disturbed fill. Due to the disturbed context, there was not enough data recovered from undisturbed fill in the Late Pithouse units to make any substantial statements about technological change. However, an examination of the tool types within the different occupations indicates that tool types were similar from the earliest occupations, Georgetown (A.D. 550-650) to the latest, Classic Mimbres Pueblo (A.D. 1000-1150). / Graduation date: 2003

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Despite the recent resurgence of interest in the Chaco system, it continues to be readily apparent that the implications of the tiered-hierarchical organization of the Chaco system cannot be indiscriminately applied to the Chacoan interaction sphere. In the Limekiln Canyon locality of the Mt. Taylor District a plausible explanation for settlement and use of the landscape during the Pueblo period has been that population organization and cultural affinity were that of a late-surviving population of Archaic-like peoples who apparently only become completely absorbed into the far-reaching exchange network of the Chaco system after abandonment of the locality. This assumption is tested informally against two hypotheses that challenge such commonly accepted explanations as resource depletion for abandonment and reorganization within the Chaco region. The result is a narrative of the culture history of the locality that demonstrates the benefit of using an eclectic theoretical approach combining elements of culture history, cultural evolution and postprocessual theory. / Department of Anthropology

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