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Leadership in the Liberal Party: Bolte, Askin and the Post-War AscendancyAbjorensen, Norman, norman.abjorensen@anu.edu.au January 2005 (has links)
The formation of the Liberal Party of Australia in the mid-1940s heralded a new effort to stem the tide of government regulation that had grown with Labor Party rule in the latter years of World War II and immediately after. It was not until 1949 that the party gained office at Federal level, beginning what was to be a record unbroken term of 23 years, but its efforts faltered at State level in Victoria, where the party was divided, and in New South Wales, where Labor was seemingly entrenched. The fortunes were reversed with the rise to leadership of men who bore a different stamp to their predecessors, and were in many ways atypical Liberals: Henry Bolte in Victoria and Robin Askin in New South Wales. Bolte, a farmer, and Askin, a bank officer, had served as non-commissioned officers in World War II and rose to lead parties whose members who had served in the war were predominantly of the officer class. In each case, their man management skills put an end to division and destabilisation in their parties, and they went on to serve record terms as Liberal leaders in their respective States, Bolte 1955-72 and Askin 1965-75. Neither was ever challenged in their leadership and each chose the time and nature of his departure from politics, a rarity among Australian political leaders. Their careers are traced here in the context of the Liberal revival and the heightened expectations of the post-war years when the Liberal Party reached an ascendancy, governing for a brief time in 1969-70 in all Australian States as well as the Commonwealth. Their leadership is also examined in the broader context of leadership in the Liberal Party, and also in the ways in which the new party sought to engage with and appeal to a wider range of voters than had traditionally been attracted to the non-Labor parties.
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ASCIS subject headings and student terminology : the relationship between the subject headings used in manual school library catalogues in New South Wales and the subject access terms generated by NSW Higher School Certificate syllabus documents, textbooks and examination questionsSorby, Janet, n/a January 1989 (has links)
The present study was undertaken to investigate the concerns of secondary school teacher-librarians, that the subject headings set down by the Australian Schools Catalogue Information Service (ASCIS) do not cover topics in senior sourses of study. NSW HSC Economics was chosen to test this perception.
Terms were extracted from three textual sources (syllabus, textbook and examination papers) and checked against the subject headings in the ASCIS Subject Headings List. A comparison was made between terms which matched exactly, those which were only partially matched and those which had no match. The linguistic complexity of the term (single-word or multi-word) and the number of textual sources using the term were also taken into account.
The results showed a varying degree of match between textual terms and subject headings. Single-word terms found in more than one textual source were much more likely to be found in the subject headings than those from only one textual source. Multi-word terms were found less frequently than single-word terms, but were also more likely to be found when they came from more than one textual source. There was a large number of partial matches in this group, and these were found to be more general in concept than the textual terms.
Most of the terms were found, but the general nature of the partial matches and the lack of adequate cross references may cause problems in subject analysis and retrieval.
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Responses in estuarine macrobenthic invertebrate assemblages to trace metal contaminated sedimentsChariton, Anthony A., n/a January 2005 (has links)
Three approaches were employed to examine the effects of elevated sediment trace
metal concentrations on estuarine/marine macrobenthic invertebrate assemblages. The
initial study examined macroinvertebrate communities along a known polymetallic
gradient, Lake Macquarie, NSW (gradient study). The second study experimentally
tested if sediments sourced from different locations within Lake Macquarie
differentially influenced the recolonisation of benthic invertebrates. The third study
investigated the different recolonisation patterns of benthic invertebrates into
sediments spiked with increasing concentrations of sediment-bound cadmium.
In the Lake Macquarie gradient study, four locations (Cockle Bay, Warner's Bay,
Kooroora Bay and Nord's Wharf) were sampled in winter 2000 and summer 2003
using a hierarchical design (location > site > plot). On both sampling occasions, the
sediments showed strong gradients in lead, cadmium and zinc concentrations
emanating from the Cockle Bay industrialised region in the lake's north, with
concentrations being significantly lower in the most southern and less urbanised
location (Nord's Wharf). In general, concentrations of lead, cadmium and zinc in the
sediments increased among locations in the following order: Nord's Wharf >
Kooroora Bay > Warner's Bay > Cockle Bay. AVSJSEM analyses indicated that in
some sites in Cockle Bay, and to a lesser extent Warner's Bay, SEM concentrations
exceeded their molar equivalence of AVS, indicating the potential for trace metals to
be labile within the porewaters. Granulometry also changed along the gradient, with a
higher proportion of silt/clay occurring in the locations with high metal
concentrations. Conversely, the percentage of total organic carbon was higher in the
less contaminated locations.
In winter 2000, changes in benthic communities along the gradient supported the a
priori hypotheses, with diversity and richness being greater in locations with lower
concentrations of metals. Polychaetes were most numerous in Cockle Bay and
Warner's Bay, whilst bivalves and gastropods were more abundant in Nord's Wharf
and Kooroora Bay. Crustaceans were more numerous in Nord's Wharf; with all other
locations having similar, lower, abundances. Ordination maps of the assemblages
provided relatively clear separation of the assemblages among locations, with nonparametric
multivariate analysis of variance (NPMANOVA) and subsequent pair-wise
comparisons finding significant differences among the assemblages from all locations.
SIMPER analyses found the highest level of dissimilarity was between the Nord's
Wharf and Cockle Bay assemblages - primarily attributable to differences in the
relative contributions of isopods; tellenid bivalves; and the polychaete families
Spionidae, Opheliidae and Nephytidae. Weighted Spearman rank correlations (BIOENV)
identified cadmium (Pw =0.74) as the strongest environmental (single or
combination) variable to correlate with biotic assemblages.
Benthic patterns along the gradient were less defined in summer 2003 due to a
dramatic reduction in the abundance and diversity of fauna in Nord's Wharf. This
decline was possibly attributable to a sustained reduction in salinity caused by a
prolonged rainfall event. With the exception of Nord's Wharf, trends in the
community indices and abundances of key taxa among the other locations were
similar to those reported in winter 2000. Multivariate analyses discriminated the
benthic assemblages from the four locations, with the findings from the NPMANOVA
pair-wise comparisons indicating that the assemblages from all four locations were
significantly different. SIMPER analyses showed the highest level of dissimilarity
was between Nord's Wharf and Warner's Bay, with these differences being primarily
attributable to their relative abundances of amphipods and polychaetes from the
families Spionidae, Cirratulidae, Opheliidae and Capitellidae. BIOENV found that the
combination of the sedimentary concentrations of cadmium and iron provided the best
correlation (Pw =0.73) with biotic patterns, with similar correlations occumng with
the addition of lead and its covariate, zinc (Pw =0.72).
The combined findings from the gradient study established a strong correlation
between trace metal concentrations within the sediments and suite of univariate and
multivariate measurements. The low abundance and diversity of fauna in Nord's
Wharf in the summer of 2003 highlighted the dynamic changes which can occur in the
distributions of macrobenthic invertebrates. Although the study indicated that there
was a strong relationship between trace metal concentrations and benthic community
structure, the study was correlative, and requires subsequent experimental testing to
confirm the causality of the observed relationships.
The second component of the research was a translocation experiment using benthic
recolonisation as an end-point. The experiment was performed to identify if the
sediments, and not location, were influencing the composition of benthic assemblages
in Lake Macquarie. Sediments were collected from three locations (Cockle Bay,
Warner's Bay and Nord's Wharf), defaunated, and transplanted in three new locations
along the south-east edge of the lake. At each location, 10 containers of each
treatment were randomly placed in the sediment and allowed to recolonise for 22
weeks. Upon retrieval, the benthic communities were sampled and enumerated in
conjunction with a variety of chemical and sedimentary measurements. Ten replicate
invertebrate samples were also collected in the sediments adjacent to the experiment
(ambient samples) at the completion of the experiment. Due to human interference,
the containers from only two locations were analysed.
Upon retrieval, pH and redox profiles of the sediments were similar to those expected
in natural sediments. In general, concentrations of metals were low in the porewaters;
however, iron precipitation on the porewater collection devices may have artificially
increased the diffusion of metals, increasing concentrations near the sediment-water
interface. Concentrations of SEM exceeded their AVS equivalence in some samples
taken from the Cockle Bay and Warner's Bay treatments.
Two-way ANOVAs found significant interactions between location and sediment
treatments in diversity, evenness and the number of polychaetes, as well as significant
differences in the number of capitellids and crustaceans among locations. Post-hoc
comparisons of means found the Nord's Wharf sediment contained a higher mean
number of individuals than the other treatments, including the ambient samples.
nMDS ordination plots for both locations provided poor graphical discrimination of
the assemblages among treatments; however, NPMANOVA detected significant
location and treatment interactions. In both locations, pair-wise comparisons indicated
that the assemblages within the Nord's Wharf treatments were significantly different
to the Cockle Bay, Warner's Bay and ambient assemblages. No significant differences
were detected between the Cockle Bay and Warner's Bay assemblages at either
location. SIMPER analyses found the highest level of dissimilarity occurred between
the ambient assemblages in Location 2 and the Nord's Wharf treatment, primarily due
to the relative difference in the abundances of Capitellidae, Spionidae, Oweniidae,
Nereididae and isopods among the assemblages.
The findings from the translocation experiment suggest that the sediments are
influencing the recolonisation of benthos. However, because differences were not
detected between the Cockle Bay and Warner's Bay treatments, the approach used in
the study shows potential as an in situ technique which could be used to assess the
potential ecological risks of sediments fiom specific locations. Excluding cost and
time considerations, the technique's primary disadvantage is the lack of a true control.
As a result, the technique can only identify if the sediments are modifying benthic
recolonisation, and not causality.
The final component of the research experimentally tested if elevated concentrations
of sediment-bound cadmium affected benthic invertebrate recolonisation. Sediments
from the south coast of New South Wales (Durras Lake) were defaunated, and spiked
with cadmium under anaerobic conditions to obtain three targeted cadmium
concentrations: control (<O.1 ug/g), Low-Cd (15 Cd ug/g) and High-Cd (150 Cd
ug/g). The physio-chemical properties of the waters and porewater concentrations of
cadmium were monitored over a 28-day equilibration period, with declines in pH
mediated with the addition of NaOH(aq). At the end of the equilibration period,
porewater concentrations of cadmium were low in the Low-Cd and High-Cd
treatments (maximum <l.5 ug/L in High-Cd), and below the detection limit in the
control. Cadmium was not detected in the control sediments, with concentrations in
the Cd-Low and Cd-High sediments exceeding their targeted concentrations, with
final mean concentrations of 17 ug/g and 183 ug/g, respectively.
The experimental design was similar to that employed in the translocation experiment,
with 10 containers from each treatment transplanted into the sediments at three
locations within Lake Macquarie. After 20 weeks, the containers were collected,
along with benthic invertebrate samples from the ambient sediments. Data was not
used from Location C due to extensive sediment deposition on the transplanted
treatments. Significant declines occurred in the concentrations of cadmium in both the
Low-Cd and High-Cd sediments, with the greatest loss occumng in the surficial
sediments. The loss of cadmium was probably due to the differential loss of the fine
fraction through physical means (hydrodynamic) rather than fluxing, as it assumed
that the cadmium was primarily sediment-bound and relatively insoluble under anoxic
conditions. Mean porewater concentrations of cadmium were below the detection
limit in the control treatments; < 1 ug/L in the Low-Cd treatment, and generally <
2ug/L in the High-Cd, with the exception of some samples in Location B (maximum
5.6 ug/L) Concentrations of ammonia were low in the porewaters from the surficial
sediments, with concentrations being significantly higher, and potentially toxic, in the
anoxic porewaters (7 cm depth).
In comparison to the previous recolonisation experiment, the number of individuals
which recolonised the cadmium-spiked treatments was low, and significantly lower
than the mean number of individuals sampled in the ambient sediments. No
significant differences were detected among the treatments or locations (and their
interactions) in diversity (H'), richness (d) or evenness (J). The number of polychaetes
and molluscs significantly differed among the treatments, with post-hoc analyses
indicating these differences were not among the cadmium-spike treatments, but were
due to a greater mean abundance of these taxa in the ambient sediments. A significant
interaction between treatment and location was detected in the mean abundance of
crustaceans, with the ambient sediments having significantly lower mean abundances
in both Location A and B. Ordination plots of the experiments in Location A and B
provided poor graphical discrimination among the spiked treatments, although the
ambient assemblages appear to be separated from the cadmium-spiked assemblages.
NPMANOVA detected a significant interaction between treatments and locations, as
well as among treatments. In both Location A and B, pair-wise analyses found the
assemblages in the ambient sediments to be significantly different to the assemblages
in all three cadmium treatments, with no differences being detected among the latter.
SIMPER analyses found the highest levels of dissimilarity occurred between the
spike-treatments and the ambient sediments, with these differences being primarily
due to the relatively higher abundance of decapods in the spiked treatments, and
capitellids in the ambient sediments.
The cadmium-spiking component of the experiment clearly illustrated that artificially
increasing the trace metal concentrations of metals in estuarine sediments is a
complex process which needs to be performed in a methodological manner in order to
obtain homogenous treatments with low porewater concentrations, and minimal
artefacts. Furthermore, the results confirmed that the equilibration time for sediments
can be extensive (several weeks), even in the case of organically rich sediments. The
timing of the experiment (commenced late summer, February, 2003) appears to the
major factor for the relatively low recolonisation rates, with the experiment missing
the main larval recolonisation period between spring and early summer. Even in the
highest treatment, elevated concentrations of cadmium did not appear to affect benthic
recolonisation. This finding is supported by other experimental studies which suggest
that concentrations of a single isolated metal must considerably exceed current
guideline values (or contain high porewater concentrations) in order to elicit a
biological effect. Nevertheless, as trace metals generally co-occur with other
contaminants - with the response of multiple contaminants being possibly additive or
synergistic - a conservative guideline value may be suitable in the interim as a
precautionary measure.
The findings of this thesis suggest that elevated concentrations of trace metal mixtures
in estuarine sediments can affect the structure and composition of benthic
communities; however, identifying causality is difficult. Although there has been an
increase in the use of manipulative field experiments as a means of reducing the
confounding influence of covariables found in field studies, this approach also has
limitations, e.g. spatial and temporal scale issues, container effects, cost and
biogeochemical changes to the sediments. Measuring stress at a community level is a
fundamental component of estuarine risk assessment programs; and in isolation this
approach can produce subjective and confounded findings. In order to accurately
assess the risks associated with trace metal contaminated sediments, an integrated
approach (e.g. weight of evidence) is required, one which uses multiple lines of
evidence sourced from various chemical, environmental biological measurements.
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Developing a tectonic framework for the Southern Curnamona Cu - Au Province : geochemical and radiogenic isotope applicationsRutherford, Lachlan Stuart January 2006 (has links)
"Two independent geochronological techniques specifically targeting post-kinematic or late-stage growth of kyanite, staurolite and late-stage garnet in the southern Curnamona Province has found that these minerals grew during the Delamerian Orogeny (~530-500 Ma). Prograde metamorphism during the Delamerian Orogeny attained kyanite-staurolite-garnet grade (amphibolite-facies). Previous interpretations of an anticlockwise P-T path for the Olarian Orogeny need revising, as these interpretations have been shown in this study to be based on textural relationships spanning ~1100 million years. This highlights the importance of in situ geochronological techniques in defining robust P-T-t paths for a region." --p. 121 of source document. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2006.
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Protecting New Zealand construction subcontractorsBaas, Susan Catherine 05 1900 (has links)
Non-residential construction projects typically involve a large number of parties and a
complicated "pyramid" of contractual relationships. At the top of the project an owner or
developer commonly employs a head contractor, who employs specialist contractors, who
employ subcontractors, who finally employ workers and material suppliers. Funds for the
project are fed in at the top and are intended to trickle down to those at the bottom.
However, evidence indicates that this often does not happen and that those at the bottom -
most significantly subcontractors - suffer substantial losses.
Many countries attempt to reduce subcontractors' losses through legislative intervention.
The Canadian common law provinces apply both a statutory "builder's lien", which allows
an unpaid subcontractor to register a charge against construction land, and supplementary
holdback and trust requirements. By contrast, New South Wales, Australia and the United
Kingdom apply a "quick and dirty" form of adjudication in an attempt to reduce the delays in
payment disputes. New Zealand is currently investigating the form of legislation that it
should enact and has modelled the Construction Contracts Bill on New South Wales
adjudication measures.
This thesis examines the Canadian, New South Wales and United Kingdom systems for
protecting subcontractors, as well as the New Zealand Construction Contracts Bill. It
describes these different systems, and applies Cooter and Ulen's perfect contract analysis in
an attempt to compare them. It concludes that the New South Wales approach is the most
favourable, particularly because of its attempts to reform areas of the construction industry
beyond just the problems that subcontractors face. However, it also notes that this approach
has very high transaction costs, to such an extent that some proposed reforms may never
come to fruition. It therefore recommends that New Zealand take a cautious approach in
copying these measures. In addition, the thesis recommends that New Zealand researchers
take more time to examine North American builder's lien systems. Protecting construction
subcontractors is a complicated issue and the best solution for New Zealand will result from
a careful consideration of the many different systems, both before any legislation is enacted
and afterwards.
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Marching to their own drum : British Army officers as military commandants in the Australian colonies and New Zealand 1870-1901Clarke, Stephen John, History, Australian Defence Force Academy, UNSW January 1999 (has links)
Between 1870 and 1901, seventeen officers from the British army were appointed by the governments of the Australian colonies and New Zealand as commanders of their colonial military forces. There has been considerable speculation about the roles of these officers as imperial agents, developing colonial forces as a wartime reserve to imperial forces, but little in depth research. This thesis examines the role of the imperial commandants with an embryonic system of imperial defence and their contribution to the development of the colonial military forces. It is therefore a topic in British imperial history as much as Australian and New Zealand military history. British officers were appointed by colonial governments to overcome a shortfall in professional military expertise but increasingly came to be viewed by successive British administrations as a means of fulfilling an imperial defence agenda. The commandants as ???men-on-the-spot???, however, viewed themselves as independent reformers and got offside with both the imperial and colonial governments. This fact reveals that the commandants occupied a difficult position between the aspirations of London and the reality of the colonies. They certainly brought an imperial perspective to their commands and looked forward to the colonies playing a role on the imperial stage but generally did so in terms of a personal agenda rather than one set by London. This assessment is best demonstrated in the commandants??? independent stance at the outset of the South African War. The practice of appointing British commandants in Australasia was fraught with problems because of an inherent conflict in the goals of the commandants and their colonial governments. It resembles the Canadian experience of the British officers which reveals that the system of imperials military appointments as a whole was flawed. The problem remained that until a sufficient number of colonial officers had the prerequisite professional expertise for high command there was no alternative. The commandants were therefore the beginning rather than the end of a traditional reliance upon British military expertise. The lasting legacy of the commandants for the military forces of Australia and New Zealand was the development of colonial officers, transference of British military traditions, and the encouragement of a colonial military identity premised on the expectation of future participation in defence of the empire. The study provides a major revision to the existing historiography of imperial officers in the colonies, one which concludes that far from being ???imperial agents??? they were largely marching to their own drum.
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Rehabilitation of the impaired doctor by the New South Wales Medical BoardPethebridge, Andrew, Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW January 2005 (has links)
The New South Wales Medical Board established a Health Programme for the assessment and rehabilitation of doctors whose clinical performance was impaired by alcohol or psychoactive substance use, mental or physical illness. This programme was developed to be individualized to the needs of each registrant. The present study has three aims: 1. To describe those doctors who participated in the Board???s Health Programme. 2. To chart the duration of involvement of these doctors through the programme. 3. To examine the outcomes associated with this programme. The study is based on the prospective cohort of all 181 impaired doctors who participated in the Health Programme between July 1st 1993 and April 30th 2001. Information on each registrant was collected at the time of the initial assessment and at each review conducted as part of the programme. Additional qualitative data was also collected and supplemented by a file audit conducted in August and September 2001. One hundred and eighty-one doctors were prospectively monitored as part of this study. The largest source of impairment was psychiatric illness (45.3%), 77% of the doctors were male. The average age of the cohort was 41.6 (sd 11.1) years. Impaired doctors were more likely to be working in emergency medicine or psychiatry and be based in a rural area. Of those who had finished their involvement in the programme, successful graduates participated for a mean of 38.2 (sd 22.3) months. In general outcomes of involvement were positive, 64 of 113 (56.6%) of doctors successfully graduated from the programme. One hundred and ten of 168 (65.5%) improved during the period of their involvement and 111 of 126 (88.1%) were working in medicine. Five, 2.8% of the participants died during the period of this study. Measures of registrant insight and support tended to increase during the period of involvement with the Health Programme. Future studies will need to establish evidence for the most appropriate interventions with impaired doctors. This process would be strengthened by the collection of standardized data across intervention programmes, supplemented with functional assessments and the collection of qualitative data.
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"Going into uncharted waters": Two case studies of the social responsibility of trade unions in AustraliaMallory, Greg Unknown Date (has links)
No description available.
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Aboriginality and architecture: Built projects by Merrima and unbuilt projects on MerO'Brien, Kevin Unknown Date (has links)
No description available.
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"Going into uncharted waters": Two case studies of the social responsibility of trade unions in AustraliaMallory, Greg Unknown Date (has links)
No description available.
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