Resprouting is an important means of plant regeneration especially under conditions that do not favour regeneration through seeding such as frequent disturbances, low productivity, unfavourable soil conditions, extreme cold and limited understorey light availability. Sprouts may be advantageous over seedlings because they have higher survival and growth rates than seedlings, since they use resources from parent plants unlike seedlings that have to acquire their own resources. Resprouting is well documented for ecosystems that experience severe disturbances that damage aboveground biomass. For example, resprouting is important for plant persistence against fire in fire-prone savannas and Mediterranean shrub-lands, and hurricanes and cyclones in tropical forests. In these ecosystems, resprouting often results in multi-stemming, because this dilutes the risk of damage among many stems, improving the chances of individual survival. This study was conducted at coastal dune forest at Cape Vidal in north-eastern South Africa, where there is a high incidence of multi-stemmed trees due to resprouting in response to chronic disturbances of low severity. This study examines (1) the importance of resprouting to tree survival and dynamics in an environment where disturbance severity is low but pervasive, and (2) how this resprouting strategy differs from the more familiar sprouting response to severe disturbances such as fire and hurricanes. Analysis of the relationship between multi-stemming and a number of disturbances potentially causing multi-stemming revealed that stem leaning and substrate erosion were the most important disturbances associated with multi-stemming. There were fewer multistemmed trees on dune slacks that had a stable substrate and were protected from sea winds than on dune crests and slopes that had unstable substrate and were exposed to sea winds. Trees resprouted and became multi-stemmed from an early stage to increase their chances of survival against leaning caused by strong sea winds and erosion, and occasional slumping of the unstable dune sand substrate. These low severity disturbances are persistent and are referred to as chronic disturbances in this thesis. As a result of these chronic disturbances, both single and multi-stemmed trees had short stature because taller individuals that emerged above the tree canopy would be exposed to wind damage. Under chronic disturbances plants may manifest a phylogenetically determined sprouting response. However, in this study resprouting and multi-stemming were the results of the tree-disturbance interaction and not a property of a plant or species and were not phylogenetically constrained. Because the disturbances are predominantly of low severity, leaning trees were able to regain the vertical orientation of the growing section by turning upward (a process referred to as ‘turning up’ in this study) and hence survive without resprouting. Species that were prone to turning upward had a low incidence and degree of leaning of their individuals, low frequency of loss of primary stems and high abundance of individuals. Although turning up is less costly to the individual than resprouting, it could only be used by leaning trees that had small angles of inclination and were not eroded. High intensities of the latter require that individuals resprout to survive. The form and function of resprouting varied between seedlings and juvenile and mature trees. Resprouting in seedlings resulted in a single replacement shoot, unlike sprouting in juvenile and mature trees that resulted in multi-stemmed trees. Like sprouting in juvenile and mature trees, sprouting in seedlings was not phylogenetically constrained. Resprouting in seedlings increased seedling persistence; hence species with more sprout seedlings had larger individual seedlings and seedling banks. Resprouting in seedlings increased the chances of seedling recruitment, whereas resprouting in juvenile and mature trees increased the chances of an established plant maintaining its position in the habitat. After disturbances of high severity, which destroy the photosynthesizing parts, plants resprout using carbohydrates stored below- or above ground. In this study, good resprouters stored more carbohydrates both below- and above ground than poor resprouters. The carbohydrates were mobilized for resprouting after disturbance. More carbohydrates were stored in stems than in roots because the prevailing disturbances were mostly of low severity and hence above ground resources were readily available. Similar to storage by plants in severely disturbed habitats, carbohydrates were stored by reserve formation, which competes for carbohydrates with growth and maintenance and forms permanent storage, rather than accumulation, which temporarily stores carbohydrates in excess of demands for growth and maintenance. Stored carbohydrates are not necessary for resprouting of plants after disturbances of low severity because they can resprout using resources remobilized directly from the disturbed photosynthesizing parts. However, in this study, stored carbohydrates served as a bet-hedge against occasional severe disturbances that occurred in addition to chronic disturbances. Allocation of carbohydrates to permanent storage diverts them from growth and reproduction and hence good resprouters had lower growth rates, seed output, seed size and seedling recruitment than poor resprouters. However, the costs of these traits that resulted in low recruitment from seed by good resprouters, were compensated for by high persistence of established individuals of good resprouters through recruitment of sprout stems. This study demonstrates that resprouting is not only advantageous in severely disturbed environments, but also in environments where disturbances are of low severity but nevertheless confer an advantage on individuals that persist. Thus in forest environments where aboveground biomass is seldom destroyed and individuals are relatively long-lived, resprouting can confer significant fitness and selective advantage on individuals. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2008.

At Cape Gantheaume, Kangaroo Island (South Australia), adult male, lactating female and juvenile New Zealand (NZ) and Australian fur seals regularly return to the same colony, creating the potential for intra- and inter-specific foraging competition in nearby waters. I hypothesised that these demographic groups would exhibit distinct foraging strategies, which reduce competition and facilitate their coexistence. I analysed the diet of adult male, adult female and juvenile NZ fur seals and adult male Australian fur seals and studied the diving behaviour of adult male and lactating female NZ fur seals and the at-sea movements of juvenile, adult male and lactating female NZ fur seals. Female diet reflected that of a generalist predator, influenced by prey availability and their dependant pups� fasting abilities. In contrast, adult male NZ and Australian fur seals used larger and more energy-rich prey, most likely because they could more efficiently access and handle such prey. Juvenile fur seals primarily utilised small lantern fish, which occur south of the shelf break, in pelagic waters. Juveniles undertook the longest foraging trips and adult males conducted more lengthy trips than lactating females, which perform relatively brief trips in order to regularly nurse their pups. Unlike lactating females, some adult males appeared to rest underwater by performing dives that were characterised by a period of passive drifting through the water column. The large body sizes of adult males and lactating females facilitated the use of both benthic and pelagic habitats, but adult males dived deeper and for longer than lactating females, facilitating vertical separation of their foraging habitats. Spatial overlap in foraging habitats among the age/sex groups was minimal, because lactating females typically utilised continental shelf waters and males used deeper water over the shelf break, beyond female foraging grounds. Furthermore, juveniles used pelagic waters, up to 1000 km south of the regions used by lactating females and adult males. The age and sex groups in this study employed dramatically different strategies to maximise their survival and reproductive success. Their prey and foraging habitats are likely to be shaped by body size differences, which determine their different physiological constraints and metabolic requirements. I suggest that these physiological constraints and the lactation constraints on females are the primary factors that reduce competition, thereby facilitating niche partitioning.

La province du Katanga est connue pour ses affleurements naturels de roches riches en cuivre et en cobalt. Plus d’une centaine de « collines de cuivre », isolées géographiquement et écologiquement possèdent une flore très originale qui comprend plus de 600 espèces dont 32 endémiques. Les métallophytes du Katanga sont des plantes fascinantes aux points de vue écologique, biogéographique, physiologique et évolutif. Elles restent très peu étudiées et leur conservation est très problématique compte tenu de l’extension des activités minières. L’objectif général de la thèse est de contribuer à une meilleure connaissance des métallophytes du Katanga, dans une perspective explicite de conservation de leur biodiversité.<p>Dans ce contexte, la thèse représente une des toutes premières approches de la biologie et l’écologie des populations de deux métallophytes apparentées. L’objectif est de préciser la distribution et la niche des deux taxons, et la variation de leur capacité d’accumuler et de tolérer les métaux lourds. Les résultats sont utilisés pour discuter la valeur conservatoire des cuprophytes du Katanga, leur vulnérabilité et envisager des stratégies de conservation. <p><p>Nous avons montré que les sols des affleurements de roche cuprocobaltifère se distinguer édaphiquement d’autres types de sols métallifères dans le monde. La révision phytogéographique et taxonomique a permis de valider 32 taxons endémiques et de mettre en évidence 23 couples de cuprophytes étroitement apparentés. La proportion élevée de couples de cuprophytes apparentés nous laisse suggérer que des événements de spéciation auraient existés au sein même des habitats cuprifères. Un isolement écologique pourrait s’exercer au niveau des zones les plus riches en cuivre. Ces couples d’espèces cuprophytes constitueraient un outil de recherche idéal pour l’étude de la spéciation. <p>Les propriétés hyperaccumulatrices de certaines espèces ont été exagérées, sans doute par suite de problèmes méthodologiques. L’accumulation du Cu ne se produit que dans des conditions édaphiques particulières, très difficiles à obtenir en culture. Cependant, nous avons montré que C. tenuis et C. perennis étaient hautement tolérantes au cuivre. Chez ces deux espèces, le cuivre provoquait une augmentation des performances de certaines populations métallicoles en milieux stérile. Ces populations posséderaient des besoins élevés en cuivre. Dans ce cas, la cuprophilie apparente de l’espèce in natura pourrait être expliquée par un coût de la tolérance au cuivre. Cette cuprophilie semble être un phénomène rare chez les espèces tolérantes au cuivre et confère ainsi à C. perennis et C. tenuis une valeur biologique remarquable. <p>Actuellement, parmi les 32 taxons endémiques stricts des habitats cuprifères du Katanga, 6% sont éteints (EX), 73% sont en danger critique d’extinction (CR), 9% sont en danger d’extinction (EN) et 3% sont vulnérables (VU). De plus, 18 taxons présentant une affinité particulièrement élevée pour les sols cuprifères, sans y être totalement confinés (fréquence sur Cu > 75%) sont réellement menacés d’extinction (22 % EN et 78% VU). Néanmoins, 18 % de ces endémiques menacées sont capables de coloniser les habitats métallifères anthropogènes. Comme C. perennis, certaines endémiques se développaient uniquement sur des sols perturbés par l’activité minière. C. tenuis possède aussi son optimum écologique sur les sols anthropogènes cuprifères. Cela indique que certaines espèces de la flore du cuivre du Katanga considérées en danger critique d’extinction sont en fait moins menacées parce qu’elles sont en mesure de se développer sur les habitats anthropogènes métallifères. L’exploitation minière est toujours destructive mais les habitats anthropogènes récents semblent avoir une valeur de conservation pour certains métallophytes rares. Une partie des déchets de l’exploitation minière et les sols contaminés pourraient être gérés de manière à fournir des habitats artificiels pour la colonisation ou la conservation ex situ de ces espèces. Dans la discussion, nous examinons les stratégies de conservation de ces espèces. <p> / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished