La synthèse de nouveaux calixarènes fonctionnalisés par des groupes d’imidazolium occupe un grand intérêt qui se justifie par la facilité de fonctionnalisation des atomes d’azote de l’imidazole d’une part et d’autre part, par les propriétés de reconnaissance anionique liée à la charge positive délocalisée.Au cours de la première étape, nous avons effectué la fonctionnalisation des calixarènes au niveau de la partie basse en gardant le t-butyle au niveau de la partie haute. Dans un second temps, nous avons réalisé une substitution des atomes de brome par des dérivés d’imidazoles tel que 1-méthylimidazole, 2,4,6-triméthlimidazole, 2,6-diisopropylimidazole, l’imidazole et le benzimidazole afin de créer des ligands imidazolium, par la suite une réaction des sels d’imidazolium avec le nickelocène a conduit à la formation des complexes du NiCp. Dans une dernière étape, nous avons déterminé les propriétés complexantes des dérivés d’imidazolium vis-à-vis des anions organiques et inorganiques. / The synthesis of new calixarenes functionalized with groups imidazolium occupies a large interest, which is justified by the ease of functionalization of the nitrogen atoms of the imidazole on the one hand and on the other hand, by the anionic recognition properties related the delocalized positive charge.During the first step, we conducted the functionalisation of calixarenes at the lower part bearing the t-butyl at the top. Secondly, we made a substitution of bromine atoms by imidazole derivatives such as 1-methylimidazole, 2,4,6-triméthlimidazole, 2.6-diisopropylimidazole, imidazole and benzimidazole to create imidazolium ligands, subsequently a reaction imidazolium salts with nickelocene led to the formation of complexes NiCp.In a last step, we determined the complexing properties of imidazolium derivatives vis-à-vis organic and inorganic anions.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The Subatomic Physics Department of iThemba Laboratory for Accelerated Based Sciences (iThemba LABS) conducts experiments that require a variety of particle beams in order to study nuclear properties (reaction, structure, etc.) of various nuclides. These particle beams are accelerated using the K-200 Separated Sector Cyclotron (SSC) and delivered to different physics experimental vaults. Prior to acceleration, the particle beam is first ionised using an Electron Resonance Ion Source (ECRIS). The main goal of this study is the production of exotic metallic beams of 60Ni8+ and 62Ni8+ using ECRIS4, which are required for the Coulomb excitation experiments approved by the Programme Advisory Committee (PAC) at iThemba LABS. In order to provide the metallic beams of nickel, a development study of organometallic materials containing 60Ni and 62Ni isotopes in a form of metallocene complexes was undertaken. The nickelocene (NiCp2) complex, a member of the organometallic family, was synthesised at the Physics Target Laboratory of iThemba LABS for the first time. Method development involved the use of natural nickel during the multi-step synthesis before the use of enriched nickel-60 (60Ni) and nickel-62 (62Ni). Nine samples of NiCp2 were synthesised; two were isotopically enriched nickelocene (60NiCp2 and 62NiCp2). The percentage yields of the synthesised nickelocene samples ranged between 16 to 50 %, and samples were characterised by investigating their crystal structure and bonding arrangements in the complexes by X-ray diffraction (XRD) , Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR). The synthesised nickelocene were further used with ECRIS4 for the production of Ni beams on the Q-line of the cyclotron. The Metal Ions from Volatile Compounds (MIVOC) technique was used for the conversion of 60Ni and 62Ni to ion species. The method used the organometallic compounds which are volatile at specific pressures at ambient temperatures. Metallic ion beams of nickel were successfully produced after a carefully pre-sample conditioning in the MIVOC container before connecting the MIVOC set-up to the new injection system of the ECRIS4. Measured beam intensities during the experiment for both 60Ni+ and 62Ni+ were approximately 30 μA, optimum for physics measurements. The development of the MIVOC technique opens up new beam-target combinations with the use of new exotic stable beams for new science cases at iThemba LABS. Reactions in inverse kinematics, multi-step Coulomb-excitation and other types of reactions will immensely benefit from these developments.