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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Molecular-Genetic and Structural Analyses of the NifHDKX Proteins of the Nitrogenase System

Lahiri, Surobhi 09 December 2006 (has links)
The nitrogenase enzyme is the biochemical machiner responsible for the conversion of the largely unavailable nitrogen to the easily assimilable ammonia for living organisms by the process termed as biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). This study was focused on understanding the various structural and functional aspects of the nitrogenase enzyme related to maturation and assembly of the FeMo-cofactor (FeMoco) metallocluster of the MoFe protein (the site for final substrate reduction), development of a dimeric MoFe protein and the structural homology of nitrogenase with other metalloenzymes. This research was specifically directed towards the NifHDKX proteins in which the nifHDK genes are the major structural genes that encode the nitrogenase enzyme and nifX is an accessory gene that encodes the NifX protein, indicated to be involved in the formation of the FeMoco. The overall objective of this study was to gain structural and functional information on the nitrogenase enzyme through the study of the NifHDKX proteins. A major part of our study included the detection of protein-protein interactions between the NifD, NifK and a fused NifDK protein. The results of this study could prove to be useful for further studies that are directed towards condensing the nif genes so as to facilitate transfer of nitrogen fixing genes to plants for their improved nutrition. We also determined protein-protein interactions between NifX and other proteins involved in the FeMoco biosynthetic pathway. Based on the results, we were able to describe the role of NifX and propose a modified model for the FeMoco biosynthesis pathway. Apart from this, a comparative structural and evolutionary study was performed on the NifH similar proteins such as ChlL, CompA, MinD and ArsA and the NifDK similar proteins known as ChlBN. Based on the conservation of similar structural domains in NifH and ArsA, NifH was found to complement the function of ArsA1. Also the comparison between NifDK and the homology modeled ChlBN protein structure suggested a potential site for the presence of a FeMoco in ChlN. Thus, these studies helped us to derive meaningful conclusions on the structure and evolution of the nitrogenase enzyme and its homologs in nature.
2

Phylogénie et évolution du genre Frankia / Phylogeny and evolution of the Frankia genus

Nouioui, Imen 23 June 2014 (has links)
Frankia est une actinobactérie symbiotique de 8 familles de plantes actinorhiziennes. Elle est connue par sa capacité à fixer l'azote moléculaire. La taxonomie et la phylogénie du genre Frankia reste incomplète et à explorer. Les objectifs de cette thèse sont d'apporter des connaissances supplémentaires sur la position phylogénétique et l'évolution des différents groupes d'infectivité du genre Frankia. Dans un premier temps, une phylogénie moléculaire basée sur les gènes glnII, nifH, gyrB et des ITS 16S-23S de l'ADNr a été réalisée. Le résultat de cette étude souligne la présence de quatre groupes de Frankia : (i) le groupe 1 associe les souches infectives des Betulaceae, Myricaceae et Casuarinaceae ; (ii) le groupe 2 des microsymbiotes obligatoires associés aux Coriariaceae, Datiscaceae, Rosaceae et Ceanothus (Rhamnaceae); (iii) le groupe 3 de souches d'Elaeagnaceae, Rhamnaceae, Myricaceae et Gymnostoma (Casuarinaceae) et (iv) le groupe 4, à position ancestrale, renferme les souches atypiques non fixatrices d'azote et/ou non infectives. Le groupe 3 aurait émergé à partir du groupe 4, alors que les groupes 1 et 2 sont les groupes qui ont émergé plus récemment. Dans cette thèse, nous avons montré que la concaténation des séquences des trois gènes (glnII, nifH et gyrB) semble être un outil puissant pour une meilleure étude évolutive afin de contourner l'influence du phénomène de transfert horizontal des gènes sur la phylogénie du genre Frankia. Par ailleurs, nous avons remarqué que la faible variabilité génétique est associée à la régression de taille des génomes de Frankia et coïncide avec des transitions de mode de vie symbiotique et une répartition géographique restreinte (le cas des Frankia–Casuarina et des Frankia non cultivables du groupe 2). Dans un second temps, nous avons focalisé nos recherches sur le modèle Frankia-Coriaria. Nous avons défini quatre groupes de Frankia endosymbiotes et deux groupes pour les Coriaria en se basant sur les séquences de trois marqueurs, glnA (glutamine synthétase), dnaA (amorceur de réplication des chromosomes) et l'IGS nifD-K (l'espace intergénique entre les gènes nifD et nifK codant pour les sous-unités alpha et beta de la protéine molybdène-fer) pour les Frankia microsymbiotes et deux régions d'ADN, matK (maturase chloroplastique) et ITS1- 2 (ARNr 18S - ITS1 - ARNr 5.8S - ITS2 –ARNr 28S) pour la plante hôte. L'analyse phylogénétique de deux partenaires symbiotiques, Frankia et son hôte respectif, montre l'absence de cospéciation. Ce résultat est cohérent avec celui de dernier chapitre dont nous avons montré, pour la première fois, l'occurrence de Frankia compatibles avec Coriaria dans un sol tunisien, dépourvu de la plante hôte depuis plus de deux siècles. Ce résultat est un bon argument de l'indépendance de Frankia microsymbiote de la plante hôte Coriaria et met en question la non cultivabilité des Frankia du groupe 2 / Frankia is an actinobacterium best known for its ability to fix molecular nitrogen and infect the roots of 8 actinorhizal plant families. The Taxonomy and the phylogeny of the Frankia genus remain incomplete and have to be more explored. The objective of this thesis is to provide additional knowledge on the phylogeny and evolution of different Frankia groupes. Firstly, the molecular phylogeny based on the analysis of glnII, gyrB, nifH genes, and 16S–23S rRNA internally transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences was carried out. The result of this study emphasized the presence of four Frankia clusters: (i) cluster 1 for Frankia associated with Betulaceae, Myricaceae and Casuarinaceae (ii) cluster 2 contains Frankia microsymbionts associated with Coriariaceae, Datiscaceae, Rosaceae and Ceanothus (Rhamnaceae), (iii) cluster 3 for Frankia of Elaeagnaceae, Rhamnaceae, Myricaceae and Gymnostoma (Casuarinaceae) and (iv) cluster 4 including atypical Frankia strains that are non-infective and/or non-nitrogen-fixing was positioned at a deeper branche followed by groupes 3. While clusters 1 and 2 appeared to have diverged more recently. The present study demonstrates the utility of phylogenetic analyses based upon concatenated gyrB, nifH and glnII sequences to resolve previously unresolved or poorly resolved nodes and will help describing species among the genus Frankia. The variation of the average pairwise distance within and between the clusters allows us to suggest a gradual erosion of Frankia diversity concomitantly with a shift from saprophytic non infective/non-effective to facultative and symbiotic lifestyle. Then, we focused on the cluster 2 of non-culturable Frankia in general and special focus on Frankia associated with Coriaria. The absence of cospeciation between the uncultured Frankia microsymbionts and the disjunct actinorhizal Coriaria species has been shown. These results were obtained following analyze of three bacterial genes; glnA (glutamine synthetase), dnaA (chromosome replication initiator) and the nifD-K IGS (intergenic spacer between genes coding respectively for nitrogenase molybdenum-iron alpha and beta subunits) and two DNA region of the host plants; matK (chloroplast-encoded maturase K) and the intergenic transcribed spacers (nuclear-encoded 18S rRNA-ITS1-5.8S rRNA-ITS2-28S rRNA).This result is consistent with the last chapter in which we showed, for the first time, the occurrence of compatible Frankia with Coriaria in a Tunisian soil, devoid of the host plant for more than two centuries. This represents a first argument for the independence of Frankia nodulating Coriaria to their host plants

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