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No description available.

Sustaining the global population depends upon modern agricultural practices reliant on large inputs of nitrogen (N) fertilizer, but export of excess N from agroecosystems has negative environmental consequences, such as accelerated eutrophication and associated water quality degradation. The challenges posed by diffuse and widespread nutrient pollution in agricultural drainage waters necessitate cost-effective, adaptable, and reliable solutions. In this context, enhanced denitrification approaches developed over the last several decades have produced denitrifying bioreactors that harness the ability of ubiquitous soil microorganisms to convert bioavailable N into inert N gas, thereby removing bioavailable N from an ecosystem. Denitrifying bioreactors are edge-of-field structures that consist of organic carbon substrate and support the activity of denitrifying soil bacteria that remove N from intercepted nutrient-enriched drainage waters. The potential to improve bioreactor performance and expand their application beyond the Midwest to the agriculturally significant Mid-Atlantic region was investigated with a three-pronged approach: 1) a pilot study investigating controls on N removal, 2) a laboratory study investigating controls on emission of greenhouse gases nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4), and carbon dioxide (CO2), and 3) a field study of one of the first denitrifying bioreactors implemented in the Atlantic Coastal Plain. The pilot and laboratory studies tested the effect of amending woodchip bioreactors with biochar, an organic carbon pyrolysis product demonstrated to enhance microbial activity. The pilot-scale study provides evidence that either hardwood- of softwood-feedstock biochar may increase N removal in woodchip bioreactors, particularly under higher N loading. The results from the laboratory experiment suggest the particular pine-feedstock biochar tested may induce greater greenhouse gas emissions, particularly of the intermediate product of denitrification and potent GHG nitrous oxide. The field study evaluated performance of a biochar-amended woodchip bioreactor installed on a working farm. Two years of monitoring data demonstrated that the bioreactor successfully removed N from drainage waters, but at relatively low rates constrained by low N loading that occurred in the absence of fertilizer application during continuous soy cropping at the site (10.0 kg NO3--N ha-1 yr-1 or 4.86 g NO3- -N m-3 d-1 on the basis of bed volume reached the bioreactor.) Removal rates averaged 0.41 g m-3 d-1 (8.6% removal efficiency), significantly lower than average rates in systems receiving greater N loading in the Midwest, and more similar to installations in the Maryland Coastal Plain. Greenhouse gas fluxes were within the range reported for other bioreactors, and of the N removed an average of only 0.16% was emitted from the bed surface as N2O. This case study provides useful measurements of bioreactor operation under low N loading that informs the boundaries of bioreactor utility, and may have particular regional relevance. The pilot and field studies suggest that wood-based biochars may enhance N removal and may not produce problematic quantities of greenhouse gases, respectively. However, the laboratory study raises the need for caution when considering the costs and benefits amending woodchip bioreactors with biochar and accounting for the effect on greenhouse gas emissions in this calculation, because the tested pine biochar significantly increased these emissions. / PHD / Modern agricultural relies on nitrogen (N) fertilizer to produce enough food for the global population, but losses of excess N from farmland has negative environmental consequences. Even with advances in best practices to reduce the environmental impact of agriculture, such as nutrient management planning where the right fertilizer is applied at the right rate at the right time, crops cannot use fertilizer with perfect efficiency and a portion will be lost to the environment. A relatively new agricultural best management practice removes this excess N before it enters surface water bodies by intercepting drainage water with high N levels at the edge of the field, slowing it down, to give the tiny creatures living in the soil the chance to use this N as energy. These naturally occurring soil bacteria remove the N fertilizer from the water by transforming it into harmless N gas that makes up nearly 80% of the atmosphere. These denitrifying bioreactors, named after the microbial N removal mechanism, are becoming established management practices in the Midwest, but they have not yet been widely adopted in other agriculturally significant regions, such as the Mid-Atlantic. In an effort to design more effective and flexible bioreactors, the effect of amending woodchip bioreactors with a charcoal-like material previously shown to increase the activity N-removing bacteria was tested and found to modestly increase N removal with sufficiently high drainage water N concentrations. However, a laboratory test of the effect of biochar on production of a harmful intermediate product of denitrification, the potent greenhouse gas nitrous oxide, found higher emissions from the biochar treatments than the woodchips alone, suggesting the N removal benefits may v not outweigh the costs. To evaluate performance under field conditions, a biochar-amendment woodchip bioreactor was installed in the Virginia Coastal Plain, and monitored for two years. N removal was significantly lower than reported rates, but this was due to a relatively low amount of N in the drainage waters. However, measuring performance under sub-optimal conditions provides useful information for determining the limits to conditions for which bioreactors are useful.

O presente estudo objetiva mostrar ao Cirurgião Dentista, os quesitos necessários para se formar um Odontólogo apto a praticar a sedação inalatória, bem como os itens de segurança e de respaldo legal que deverão compor o seu ambiente de trabalho ao se utiliza desta técnica. O estudo foi fundamentado a partir de revisão de literatura sobre o tema, tendo como metodologia o estilo de Vancouver. A analgesia inalatória pela mistura gasosa de óxido nitroso e oxigênio constitui um excelente instrumento no controle da dor e da ansiedade dos pacientes durante o tratamento odontológico. É importante observar que a técnica de analgesia inalatória pela mistura gasosa de óxido nitroso e oxigênio deve ser realizada por meio de normatização técnica para garantir a eficiência da técnica e evitar transtornos. O roteiro proposto no trabalho visa apresentar as características de segurança e detalhamento das especificações técnicas dos estabelecimentos de assistência odontológica para o emprego da técnica de analgesia inalatória pela mistura gasosa de óxido nitroso e oxigênio. / This study has as objective to suggest a number of propositions in order to prepare and develop a dental office to perform conscious sedation by inhalatory analgesia using nitrous oxide/oxygen mixture. It was based on the revision of literature about the subject, having as methodology the Vancouver style. The conscientious sedation constitutes an excellent instrument in the control of the patient?s anxiety during dental treatment. It also will show to the Dentist the necessary requirements to the training of his personal and himself. It is important to observe that the technique itself must follow normative rules to guarantee its efficiency. The scope considered in the work aims present characteristics of security and detailed specifications to establish dental assistance for the use of conscious sedation by nitrous oxide/oxygen mixture.

As the third most important greenhouse gas, nitrous oxide (N2O) is a stable greenhouse gas and also plays a significant role in stratospheric ozone destruction. The primary anthropogenic source of N2O stems from the use of nitrogen in agriculture, with soils being the major contributors. Currently, the annual N2O emissions from this “soil–microbe-plant” system is more than 2.6 Tg (one Tg equals a million metric tons) of N2O-N globally. My doctoral studies aimed to explore innovative strategies for N2O mitigation, in the context of environmental microbiology’s potential contribution to alleviating global warming. The bacterial enzyme nitrous oxide reductase (N2OR), naturally found in some soils, is the only known enzyme capable of catalyzing the final step of the denitrification pathway, conversion of N2O to N2. Therefore, to “scrub” or reduce N2O emissions, bacterial N2OR was heterologously expressed inside the leaves and roots of transgenic plants. Others had previously shown that the functional assembly of the catalytic centres (CuZ) of N2OR is lacking when only nosZ is expressed in other bacterial hosts. There, coexpression of nosZ with nosD, nosF and nosY was found to be necessary for production of the catalytically active holoenzyme. I have generated transgenic tobacco plants expressing the nosZ gene, as well as tobacco plants in which the other four nos genes were coexpressed. More than 100 transgenic tobacco lines, expressing nosZ and nosFLZDY under the control of rolD promoter and d35S promoter, have been analyzed by PCR, RT-PCR and Western blot. The activity of N2OR expressed in transgenic plants, analyzed with the methyl viologen-linked enzyme assay, showed detectable N2O reducing activity. The N2O-reducing patterns observed were similar to that of the positive control purified bacterial N2OR. The data indicated that expressing bacterial N2OR heterologously in plants, without the expression of the accessory Nos proteins, could convert N2O into inert N2. This suggests that atmospheric phytoremediation of N2O by plants harbouring N2OR could be invaluable in efforts to reduce emissions from crop production fields.

As the third most important greenhouse gas, nitrous oxide (N2O) is a stable greenhouse gas and also plays a significant role in stratospheric ozone destruction. The primary anthropogenic source of N2O stems from the use of nitrogen in agriculture, with soils being the major contributors. Currently, the annual N2O emissions from this “soil–microbe-plant” system is more than 2.6 Tg (one Tg equals a million metric tons) of N2O-N globally. My doctoral studies aimed to explore innovative strategies for N2O mitigation, in the context of environmental microbiology’s potential contribution to alleviating global warming. The bacterial enzyme nitrous oxide reductase (N2OR), naturally found in some soils, is the only known enzyme capable of catalyzing the final step of the denitrification pathway, conversion of N2O to N2. Therefore, to “scrub” or reduce N2O emissions, bacterial N2OR was heterologously expressed inside the leaves and roots of transgenic plants. Others had previously shown that the functional assembly of the catalytic centres (CuZ) of N2OR is lacking when only nosZ is expressed in other bacterial hosts. There, coexpression of nosZ with nosD, nosF and nosY was found to be necessary for production of the catalytically active holoenzyme. I have generated transgenic tobacco plants expressing the nosZ gene, as well as tobacco plants in which the other four nos genes were coexpressed. More than 100 transgenic tobacco lines, expressing nosZ and nosFLZDY under the control of rolD promoter and d35S promoter, have been analyzed by PCR, RT-PCR and Western blot. The activity of N2OR expressed in transgenic plants, analyzed with the methyl viologen-linked enzyme assay, showed detectable N2O reducing activity. The N2O-reducing patterns observed were similar to that of the positive control purified bacterial N2OR. The data indicated that expressing bacterial N2OR heterologously in plants, without the expression of the accessory Nos proteins, could convert N2O into inert N2. This suggests that atmospheric phytoremediation of N2O by plants harbouring N2OR could be invaluable in efforts to reduce emissions from crop production fields.

As the third most important greenhouse gas, nitrous oxide (N2O) is a stable greenhouse gas and also plays a significant role in stratospheric ozone destruction. The primary anthropogenic source of N2O stems from the use of nitrogen in agriculture, with soils being the major contributors. Currently, the annual N2O emissions from this “soil–microbe-plant” system is more than 2.6 Tg (one Tg equals a million metric tons) of N2O-N globally. My doctoral studies aimed to explore innovative strategies for N2O mitigation, in the context of environmental microbiology’s potential contribution to alleviating global warming. The bacterial enzyme nitrous oxide reductase (N2OR), naturally found in some soils, is the only known enzyme capable of catalyzing the final step of the denitrification pathway, conversion of N2O to N2. Therefore, to “scrub” or reduce N2O emissions, bacterial N2OR was heterologously expressed inside the leaves and roots of transgenic plants. Others had previously shown that the functional assembly of the catalytic centres (CuZ) of N2OR is lacking when only nosZ is expressed in other bacterial hosts. There, coexpression of nosZ with nosD, nosF and nosY was found to be necessary for production of the catalytically active holoenzyme. I have generated transgenic tobacco plants expressing the nosZ gene, as well as tobacco plants in which the other four nos genes were coexpressed. More than 100 transgenic tobacco lines, expressing nosZ and nosFLZDY under the control of rolD promoter and d35S promoter, have been analyzed by PCR, RT-PCR and Western blot. The activity of N2OR expressed in transgenic plants, analyzed with the methyl viologen-linked enzyme assay, showed detectable N2O reducing activity. The N2O-reducing patterns observed were similar to that of the positive control purified bacterial N2OR. The data indicated that expressing bacterial N2OR heterologously in plants, without the expression of the accessory Nos proteins, could convert N2O into inert N2. This suggests that atmospheric phytoremediation of N2O by plants harbouring N2OR could be invaluable in efforts to reduce emissions from crop production fields.