Mycoplasma control in any poultry company requires an integrated approach involving diligent biosecurity, animal husbandry and disease surveillance. Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) infection is very costly to the broiler industry as it predisposes birds to a variety of primary and secondary respiratory diseases thus reducing production efficiency and profitability. Since the primary disease is rather insidious, relatively difficult to confirm (especially in vaccinated flocks), prone to becoming quiescent and vertically transmitted, control measures must begin at the breeder level and involve conscientious flock surveillance. While disease eradication is the best approach to MG control the economic pressures of modern broiler production often preclude such drastic measures. Vaccination programmes are often introduced to reduce the economic impact of the disease in breeder flocks and to minimize, or hopefully prevent vertical transmission. To prevent vertical transmission and lateral spread of field strain MG infection, early diagnosis is critical. Flock testing needs to be done every 2-4 weeks (depending on prevailing risk), on 90 birds (for an average flock of 7 000 birds) to satisfy statistical requirements for the detection of a 5% infection-rate with 99% confidence. The RSPA test provides an inexpensive, reliable and rapid means of evaluating the serological response to ts-11 strain vaccination during the rearing phase. A floor pen trial confirmed that, three to ten weeks after ts-11 vaccination at 10 weeks of age, the RSPA test reactor rate is between 30% and 60%. PCR was used to confirm the absence of field challenge. A retrospective analysis of 4 years of RSPA test data from broiler breeder flocks immunized with the live ts-11 strain MG vaccine indicated that traditional RSPA test monitoring protocols were unreliable as a means of differentiating ts-11 vaccination from field strain MG infection. Non-infected (PCR negative) vaccinated flocks reached sero-positive agglutination rates of 100% making the differentiation of vaccine response and field infection impossible during the lay cycle. RSPA monitoring of broiler breeders during the pullet rearing stage (0-20 weeks) was in contrast still very effective. While previously reported trials indicated that the introduction and subsequent serological monitoring of in-contact non-vaccinated sentinels may enhance the efficacy of the RSPA monitoring procedure this trial indicated that it does not. The ts-11 strain MG spread to in-contact sentinels so rapidly under field conditions that the serum agglutination pattern of these birds mimics that of the vaccinated pullets. The potential for ts-11 strain MG to spread from bird to bird is a reality and even spread from pen to pen (within the same house) may be possible if biosecurity is inadequate. The decision to vaccinate should include consideration as to the consequence of ts-11 strain MG spread to surrounding susceptible flocks. The use of molecular diagnostic techniques on pooled tracheal swabs taken from representative flock birds is a potentially cost effective and reliable means of differentiating ts-11 vaccine strain from field strain MG. PCR amplification of DNA from tracheal swab samples and strain identification based on amplicon size was shown to be a reliable and sensitive means of detecting ts-11 strain following vaccination. The proprietary PCR primer used in this trial was specifically designed to identify the ts-11 strain by amplifying a 229 bp fragment that is characteristic and distinguishable from all other MG field strain isolates based on amplicon size. This technique provides the opportunity to differentiate field strain infection from vaccine strain MG, provided strain specific PCR primers are available. It is recommended that the RSPA assay is used to differentiate effective vaccination from field exposure during pullet rearing and PCR assay is used to monitor broiler breeder flocks for MG challenge during the laying cycle and confirm that point-of-lay broiler breeder pullets are free of field strain MG infection. Where possible flocks with a confirmed field strain challenge should be eliminated and all hatching eggs removed from the hatchery and destroyed. / Dissertation (MMedVet (Altil.))--University of Pretoria, 2004. / Production Animal Studies / unrestricted

The aim of this study was to describe the histo-morphology of the full-term placenta of African buffalo and to compare placental morphology between African buffalo and cattle. African buffalo, water buffalo and cattle differ, besides numerous external features, in various reproductive parameters such as gestational length. Interest in reproduction in African buffalo, including the application of assisted reproductive technologies, has gained momentum in recent years, with the aim of finding an efficient way of a) increasing genetic diversity and b) producing “disease free” offspring of this wild ruminant species. In contrast to the many studies on placentation in domesticated bovids (cattle and water buffalo), the placenta of African buffalo has been almost completely neglected. A polycotyledonary, synepitheliochorial placenta, characterized by the development of numerous placentomes is generally described for members of the bovid family. Cattle placentomes are stalked, mushroom shaped and represent sites of anchorage and close contact between mother and foetus via interdigitation of foetal cotyledonary villi within corresponding caruncular crypts. Placentomes from 3 peri-partal, and foetal membranes from 7 post-partal African buffalo cows were collected and placentomal and cotyledonary samples prepared for light microscopy (LM), scanningand transmission Electron Microscopy (SEM, TEM). The morphology and villous-crypt architecture of buffalo placentomes as well as the histology and ultrastructure of their structural components were described. Complete foetal membranes were macroscopically examined and cotyledonary villi were studied by SEM. A comparison with cattle placentomes and foetal membranes was performed directly or via comparison with relevant descriptions available in the literature. Comparison between buffalo and cattle placentae revealed that distribution pattern and placentome size were similar in both genera but that buffalo displayed considerably more placentomes than cattle. Buffalo placentomes were, in contrast to those of cattle, non-stalked. Differences in foetal villousity included long, slender and moderately branched villi in buffalo compared to broad, conical and complexly branched villi in cattle. Comparable cell types were involved in the synepitheliochorial interhaemal placental barrier in both genera but histological evidence for the process of placental maturation seems to be less pronounced in the buffalo than in the cattle placenta. The simpler villi in the non-stalked placentomes of the African buffalo form less complex fetomaternal interdigitations, which is interpreted as providing a somewhat less efficient nutrient supply to the developing foetus. This might partly explain the longer gestation period in buffalo compared to cattle. The placenta of water buffalo also contains non-stalked placentomes, thus resembling the African buffalo placenta in this respect, indicating a closer phylogenetic relationship between the two buffalo genera than between buffalo and cattle. Results of this first study of placentomes and foetal membranes of African buffalo fills large gaps existing in ruminant placentation and may provide the basis for further research in buffalo reproduction. The similarity in placental morphology between the African buffalo and water buffalo may enhance future trials of intergeneric embryo transfer between the two buffalo genera. / Dissertation (MSc (Veterinary Science))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Production Animal Studies / unrestricted

A study was carried out to evaluate the effect of feed processing (pelleting) on bodyweight, feed conversion and mortality in male broilers. Pelleted feed was compared to mash feed with the same specification. In addition, the effect of feed texture (feed particle size) on bodyweight, feed conversion and mortality, by using crumbles and pellets, ground crumbles and pellets, and mash was evaluated. Six thousand day-old Ross 788 male broiler chickens, originating from a specific broiler breeder flock (37 weeks old) were divided into three treatment groups of 2000 birds by systematic random sampling. The experiment was an 8 x 3 block design, with 250 broilers randomly and equally assigned to each pen. The birds were kept in a controlled environmental house and vaccinated against NCD, IB, IBD and Pneumovirus. The experiment was carried out at 1517 m above sea level, on the Highveld of South Africa. At this altitude and together with the fact that the experiment was carried out during winter (June and July 1997), no inducing methods were necessary. Mortalities were recorded daily and post mortems were done on all dead chickens and the cause of death recorded. Dead chickens were weighed individually and the weight recorded. Bacteriology was done on all the chickens that died from infectious causes to identify the specific bacteria. The bodyweight per pen was determined by weighing all the chickens per pen on day 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 and weighing at least 20% of the chickens per pen on day 4, 11, 18, 25, 32 and 39. The feed conversion and mortality corrected feed conversion were determined on day 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42. The mean live mass in kg, the percentage survivors, the feed conversion and age in days were used to calculate the production efficiency factor for each treatment group at 42 days of age. Chickens on crumbles and pellets had the highest bodyweight (2304,0 g) at 42 days of age. They were followed by the chickens on the mash diet (2054,1 g) and the lowest bodyweight was recorded on the ground crumbles and pellets (1993,5 g). The difference in bodyweight for the three treatment groups was significant (p#0,05). The pelleting process therefore did not result in better bodyweight, but the bodyweight were determined by the particle size of the feed (feed texture). The percentage weight gain per week, decreased from week one to week six. During the first week and to a lesser extent during the second week, there was a big difference in percentage weight gain between treatment groups. The chickens on the crumbles and pellets grew the fastest (230,1% during week one and 159% during week two). The weight gain for the chickens on the all-mash diet was 187,7% for week one and 153,1% for week two. The slowest weight gain was in the chickens on the ground crumbles and pellets (179,7% during week one and 143,5% during week two). The weekly weight gain in the three treatment groups from week three to week six was similar. The difference in weight gain over the first two weeks, was probably due to the difference in feed texture, because the chickens on the crumbles grew the fastest and the chickens on the ground crumbles the slowest. Eleven percent of the crumbles and 5% of the pellets were smaller than 0,6 mm. In the mash 25,0% and in the ground crumbles and pellets 41,5% of the particles were smaller than 0,6 mm. In the crumbles 44% and in the pellets 76,7% particles were greater than 3,6 mm. In the mash 7,5% and in the ground crumbles and pellets 3,5% of the particles were greater than 3,6 mm. The best FC (1,900) and mortality corrected FC (1,852) were achieved on crumbles and pellets. It differed significantly (p#0,05) from the FC (1,946) and mortality corrected FC (1,921) of chickens on ground crumbles and pellets, as well as the FC (1,963) and mortality corrected FC (1,945) of chickens on mash. There was no significant (p>0,05) difference in the FC and mortality corrected FC in the ground crumbles and pellets, and mash rations. The pelleting process on its own, did not significantly improve feed efficiency. Grinding of crumbles and pellets abolished the feed efficiency responses observed when the physical form was preserved. Particle size (feed texture) was therefore the most important factor determining feed efficiency. Mortality was the highest in chickens on crumbles and pellets (6,57%), followed by 4,03% in chickens on ground crumbles and pellets and 2,85% in chickens on mash. These differences in mortality were significant (p#0,05). The higher mortality on crumbles and pellets was mainly caused by ascites (2,11%) and SDS (1,39%), which caused 3,5% of the mortality. The most important cause of mortality in the group receiving ground crumbles and pellets was SDS (1,01%). Although the total mortality in the chickens on crumbles and pellets was the highest, the better bodyweight and FC in this group resulted in the highest PEF (269,8) at 42 days. The chickens on mash had a PEF of 242,4 and in the chickens on ground crumbles and pellets it was 233,6. The better results on crumbles and pellets are further accentuated by the net return per 2000 day-old chickens placed of R1694.70 when compared to the chickens on ground crumbles and pellets, and R1196.36 when compared to the chickens on mash. This study therefore, showed that particle size (feed texture), played the most important role in determining bodyweight and feed efficiency in broilers. To ensure the heaviest bodyweight and most efficient feed conversion on any given feed specification, it is of utmost importance that broilers receive feed as intact crumbles and pellets, with minimum damage to the crumbles and pellets. / Dissertation (MMedVet (Altil))--University of Pretoria, 2001. / Production Animal Studies / unrestricted

In recent years, South African conservation officials have noted the appearance of tumour like growths, very similar to equine sarcoids, in some Cape mountain zebra (CMZ) populations. In domestic horses, a genetic predisposition for this bovine papillomavirus-induced tumour is suspected. This investigation studied the levels of heterozygosity and population parameters such as inbreeding, within the tumour-affected populations. In comparison, CMZ populations with few or no tumours and Hartmann’s mountain zebras (HMZ) from Namibia were analysed using similar techniques. This study utilised dinucleotide repeat genetic markers called microsatellites, originally isolated from domestic horse (Equus caballus), to amplify related segments in the mountain zebras. Sixteen such fluorescent-labelled markers were amplified using polymerase chain reactions run in multiplexes. A commercial genetic analyser was used to detect the amplified markers and resulting data was analysed using STRand software. Marker visualisation and genotyping was completed using specialised open-source software. Fifteen loci were repeatedly amplified with clarity within both mountain zebra subspecies. The lowest heterozygosity and allele polymorphism levels were detected in sarcoid-tumour affected populations. All CMZ populations analysed were highly related and substructured. By comparison, Hartmann’s zebras were found to have highest levels of genetic diversity and polymorphism. The highest levels of inbreeding were found within the tumour-affected populations. High levels of heterozygote deficit found in CMZ populations, for the loci investigated, resulted in nonsignificant results when inbreeding values were analysed. This study indicates that the sarcoid tumour has been expressed in populations with the highest levels of consanguinity. The sarcoid tumour is a disease that is considered mutifactorial in aetiology and therefore other parameters such as immune status of tumour-affected populations and associated environmental variables warrant investigation. This study has simplified the archival and genotyping of individual mountain zebras. The study concludes that, among the populations tested, sarcoid tumours have been expressed in CMZ with highest levels of inbreeding. The establishment of a genetic database, incorporating information from polymorphic microsatellite markers, would assist in the conservation management of isolated CMZ populations by providing the information necessary to increase allelic diversity. / Dissertation (MSc (Production Animal Studies))--University of Pretoria, 2004. / Production Animal Studies / unrestricted

The high prices of available supplies of cereals like maize, barley, and oats has aroused considerable interest in stepping up the use of unconventional energy and protein feed sources to reduce the costs (costs of feed and total production costs) and improve the efficiency of small-scale poultry units. Dried Bakery products (DBP), is one of these unconventional ingredients produced in large quantities in South Africa, which is available for animal feeding. The aim of this study was to determine the cost effectiveness of the use of DBP with commercial rations, using the choice feeding method, without compromising performance of broilers produced in small-scale commercial poultry enterprise. A total of five hundred and seventy day-old-male broiler chicks (Ross), were assigned to three feeding treatments of 190 birds each over a period of 42 days. All the birds, in all three groups, were given a complete diet (starter mash) the first seven days. Treatment A (TA) was fed as a two stage (starter and grower ration) complete diet and acted as a control. Besides DBP acting as a substitute energy source, salt (NaCl) concentration (being a limiting factor in broiler rations) was also considered as a target for selection. Treatment B (TB) was given a starter ration up to day seven, thereafter, receiving simultaneous access to a complete diet containing a normal salt percentage and DBP. Treatment C (TC) was given starter ration to day seven, thereafter receiving simultaneous access to a complete diet containing a low salt percentage and DBP. The performance of birds was measured in terms of feed intake, weight gains, feed conversion rate and mortality. In addition, an economic evaluation (cost analysis, net profit, total physical product (TPP), average physical product (APP), marginal physical product (MPP) calculations and gross margin analysis) was done. DBP was also analysed for its nutrient composition, as well as tested for aflatoxin. The use of DBP in groups TB and TC resulted in a reduction of the feed costs by nearly a third and consequently had a positive impact on the total cost of production, net profit and gross margin analysis per live bird and per kg of live birds in contrast to the control group (TA). The TPP, APP and MPP calculations revealed that the use of DBP was beneficial during the entire production period since the value of the marginal product remained higher than the cost of DBP. This study has also confirmed that chickens are able to self-select their diets when raised under choice situations. This is shown by the performance of birds in terms of body weight, feed intake feed conversion, mortality and necropsy results. Groups TB and TC had similar body weights, feed intake, mortality % and feed conversion. The feed conversion was slightly ( but not significantly), higher for TB and TC than for TA. This suggests that the conversion of DBP into kg live weight of chickens in groups TB and TC, was at least as efficient as the control diet (TA). It can be concluded from the results, that DBP can be safely used as a viable alternative energy feed source in a small-scale broiler production system. The higher salt content of DBP did not play a significant role in choice of ration by the birds (TB and TC were not significantly different). The use of the choice feeding method was successful and showed that it was a practical alternative to computer formulation of rations, as it allows the birds to ingest a percentage of DBP in the ration to meet their growth requirements. The use of DBP and starter ration on a choice feeding system (TB and TC) rather than starter and grower ration in a two-stage system (TA) resulted in increased productivity and profitability. / Dissertation (MSc (Veterinary Sciences))--University of Pretoria, 2003. / Paraclinical Sciences / unrestricted

This study describes the different experiences of time (duration) and repetition in a cross cultural context and how these influence the evaluation of Music Therapy clients in cross-cultural contexts. Field notes from an overnight Traditional Healing ceremony and video footage and session notes from a group Music Therapy session with female psychiatric patients provided primary data for this qualitative study. All data was transcribed and coded in order to analyse the nature of both time and repetition in these contexts. The results of the data analysis were compared to Western perceptions of time and repetition and Modern Music Therapy practice in an attempt to identify common ground. Experiences play a role when evaluating clients cross-culturally. The aim was to generate a deeper understanding and awareness of issues that may have to be taken into consideration when evaluating clients. My interest in this topic arose from my observation and participation in an overnight traditional ceremony and clinical work with a group of female patients from different backgrounds in a psychiatric setting. In both instances, culture appeared to play a significant role that I could neither fully understand nor be party to. I realised that attempts to evaluate clients in this context could provide inappropriate results. I used field notes from the overnight traditional ceremony and a video excerpt and session notes from a group session with female psychiatric patients as primary data sources for this qualitative study. All data was transcribed and coded in order to analyse the nature of both time and repetition in these contexts. The results of the data analysis were compared to Western perceptions of time and repetition and Modern Music Therapy practice in an attempt to identify common ground. This study is limited by the inaccessibility of first-hand experience of both Traditional Music Therapy and Modern Music Therapy by clients from traditional cultures. Such observations cannot be made by individuals from outside this context. I found that the aims, processes and practice of Traditional Music Therapy and Modern Music Therapy were far removed from each other and little, if any, commonality in perceptions of time and repetition existed. This however does not invalidate the practice of Modern Music Therapy with clients from traditional societies. What is required, however, is the development of a deeper understanding of the nature, implications and manifestations of traditional cultures in the context of Modern Music Therapy. We can learn from the vitality and inclusivity of African music and the healing role it plays in African societies. The development of a mutual understanding of each others cultures can provide a rewarding experience both for therapist and client. / Dissertation (MMus (Music Therapy))--University of Pretoria, 2003. / Music / unrestricted

HIV/Aids is one of the largest risks facing Africa today. The disease has spread at a rapid rate throughout the continent and South Africa in particular. To date it remains an epidemic without any cure. It is systematically destroying the economic progress made over centuries. HIV/Aids is most prevalent in the economically active groups in South African society and could ultimately change the demographic, social and economic landscape in South Africa. Business is taking up the challenge and response strategies are being developed and implemented to contain and mitigate the risks posed by the disease. Stakeholders have a direct interest in being kept informed on both the risks and the responses to the disease. As such, information pertaining to HIV/Aids should be disclosed in the annual report of a company, and such information should be useful, relevant, reliable and comparable. HIV/Aids disclosure is currently voluntary and adheres to the characteristics of social accounting. Social accounting aims to inform beyond the traditional financial aspects and is increasing as stakeholders demand more information from reporting entities for decision-making purposes. In South Africa, a number of developments have increased the prominence of voluntary HIV/Aids disclosure in annual reports. These include the Second King Report on Corporate Governance, the Global Reporting Initiative’s proposals for HIV/Aids disclosure in South Africa and a joint disclosure project between the South African Institute of Chartered Accountants and the JSE Securities Exchange. This study investigates current practices related to HIV/Aids disclosure in an attempt to develop a framework for future disclosure practices through thematic content analysis. The study covered a six-year period from 1998 to 2003. The annual reports of all listed South African companies on the JSE Securities Exchange were investigated for that period. The study found that there was an increase in disclosure related to HIV/Aids over the period under review, but that by the end of 2003, still fewer than half of all JSE-listed companies disclosed HIV/Aids information. An upward trend in disclosure was identified, and it is expected that the number of reporting entities will continue to increase. The information disclosed varied considerably between the disclosing entities. This dilutes the usefulness and comparability of HIV/Aids information for stakeholders. Valuable information was obtained as to preferential themes and data related to HIV/Aids that are disclosed voluntarily in annual reports. The study concludes with a recommended framework based on the literature review and the results of the empirical study. The framework proposes minimum disclosure content focusing on two main risks, namely the risk to employees and the South African community and the associated responses by the company. The framework also proposes the disclosure of current and future costs and losses related to HIV/Aids, where such information exists. The proposed framework aims to find a balance between the normative and the descriptive in HIV/Aids disclosure, and proposes that fewer issues be disclosed, thereby focusing on specific issues that will enable consistency and comparability in HIV/Aids disclosure practices. / Dissertation (MCom (Accounting Sciences))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Accounting / unrestricted

1 Background and investigation Using the Problem statement as a basis, namely the Need for and/or lack of holistic projects for the evangelisation of the poor in congregations, it was decided to investigate the matter, utilising both literature studies and an empirical study, and to suggest regulatory steps in accordance with the conclusions arrived at. Bosch (1979:227) summarises the essence of the findings of the literature study by stating that verbal witnessing (verbal attestation) and witnessing by actions (active attestation) should not be set opposite one another, because the Word of God is a deed full of sound, and God’s action is a visible and concrete word. One of the most informative findings of the empirical study is that very few members of the congregation are actively involved in evangelisation and acts of compassion (holistic evangelisation). Although congregations train their members in evangelisation and in aspects of compassion, most of them do not remain involved for longer than one year. 2 Regulatory Steps It was decided to follow the suggestions for the regulatory (strategic) phase using the principles of the congregation-building process, and a systemic approach was followed. This means that the ministering of evangelisation is considered a sub-system of all other ministries of the church, and that most of the principles of congregation-building that apply to the macro level of the congregation, will also apply to the holistic evangelisation sub system. Before one can start with the physical motivation, defrosting, and mission formulation (Phase 1), however, it is essential that something first be said about the church, poor people, and poverty. Each congregation should decide for itself, according to circumstances, how the specific theme should be elucidated, and who should be the target group(s). During the Analysis of the Congregation (Phase 2), it will be essential that questions be asked in order to obtain information on the profile of the congregation regarding holistic evangelisation. This should cover aspects such as whether members of the congregation have been trained in these aspects, and what their specific gifts / fields of interest, etc., are. According to Nel (1994:164, 165), it furthermore is also important that specific factors be covered, for example sociological, demographical, and economical factors which may exert an influence on the specific congregation. The information gathered during the drawing-up of a profile of the congregation (particulars of internal factors) and during the diagnosis of the situation and environment (particulars of external factors) now need to be related to one another, and a dialogue should be started between the two sets of factors. Regarding Strategy Planning and Implementation (Phases 3 and 4), aspects such as the congregation’s weak and strong points, definition of identified needs and problems, specification of the mission, formulation of aims, actions taken to reach aims, and strategic programmes with time schedules, methods, sources, and persons responsible, need to be addressed. It is important that aims be planned and carried out by motivated members of the congregation in an organised way. Lastly, it is important that, in Phase 5 (Evaluation, stabilisation, and repetition of the process), the congregation in its congregation-building process, constantly evaluate whether it is still on track with regards to holistic evangelisation. This evaluation should take place at regular intervals, but should occur formally at least once per year. / Dissertation (MA (Theology))--University of Pretoria, 2004. / Practical Theology / unrestricted

Over the years, a number of studies have identified the failure of expatriate ƒ{ the early termination of an international assignment ƒ{ as a major problem for multinational enterprises (MNE). MNEs in, for example the USA, have reported expatriate failure rates of as high as 40 percent for assignments to developed countries and 70 percent when assignments are in developing countries. These failures can cost the MNE three times the expatriates¡¦ annual salary plus the cost of the relocation. Even if an expatriate stays the full duration of an international assignment it has been determined that many, as much as 50 percent, operate at less than optimal levels of productivity. International studies have, however, shown that if expatriates are properly prepared, supported and trained, the success of their assignment can be ensured. A South African study has, however, shown that South African MNEs are not providing the structured training programmes required by expatriates for an international assignment. In order to determine the preparation, support and training needs of South African expatriates this formal study was undertaken, consisting of a literature study as well as an empirical study. At first a literature study was conducted in order to determine what was happening internationally with respect to expatriation and expatriate preparation, support and training as well as to determine what the best practices are for expatriate preparation, support and training. The literature study was then followed by the empirical study, a link to a web site hosting the structured questionnaire was sent to expatriates working for South African MNEs currently on an international assignment. The study has revealed that South African MNEs are not providing expatriates with the preparation, support and training they require for an international assignment, and has identified what preparation, support and training is required by South African expatriates. The study has also identified that the age of the expatriate; the duration of an international assignment; the location of the assignment and the management level of the expatriate do not influence the preparation, support and training needs of these expatriates. Recommendations are made on how to prepare, support and train South African expatriates for an international assignment, which will not only be useful to South African MNEs but to South African universities presenting courses in international management and international human resource management as well. / Thesis (DComm (Business Management))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Business Management / unrestricted

This work primarily provides some detail of results on domain properties of closed (unbounded) derivations on C*-algebras. The focus is on Section 4: Domain Properties where a combination of topological and algebraic conditions for certain results are illustrated. Various earlier results are incorporated into the proofs of Section 4. Section 1: Basics lists some basic functional analysis results, operator algebra theory (of particular importance is the continuous functional calculus and certain results on the state and pure state space) and a special section on operator closedness. Some Hahn-Banach results are also listed. The results of this section were obtained from various sources (Zhu, K. [24], Kadison, R.V. and Ringrose, J.R. [8], Goldberg, S. [6], Rudin, W. [20], Sakai, S. [22], Labuschagne, L.E. [10] and others). The development of the representation theory presented in Section 1.1.7 was compiled from Bratteli, O. and Robinson, D.W. [3], Section 2.3. Section 2: Derivations provides some background to the roots of derivations in quantum mechanics. The results of Section 2.2 (Commutators) are due to various authors, mainly obtained from Sakai, S. [22]. A detailed proof of Theorem 45 is given. Section 2.3 (Differentiability) contains some Singer-Wermer results mainly obtained from Mathieu, M. and Murphy, G.J. [13] and Theorem 50 is proved in detail. Section 2.4 deals with conditions for bounded derivations (Sakai, S. [22] and (Johnson-Sinclair, cf. (Sakai, S. [22])), and Theorem 51 is proved in detail. Section 2.5 deals with the well published derivation theorem (Sakai, S.[22], Section 2.5 and Bratteli, O. and Robinson, D.W. [3], Corollary 3.2.47) and a slightly weaker version of the W *-algebra derivation theorem as published in Bratteli, O. and Robinson, D.W. [3], Corollary 3.2.47, is proved here. Section 3: Derivations as generators first introduces some basic semi-group theory (obtained from Pazy, A. [16], Section 1.1 and 1.2) after which the well-behavedness property is introduced in Section 3.2. Some general results mainly obtained from Sakai, S. [22], Section 3.2, is detailed. The ;proofs of Theorems 61 and 62 makes use of various previous results and were conducted in detail. Section 3.3 (Well-behavedness and generators) draws a link between the well-behavedness property and conditions for a derivation to be a semi-group generator. The results are obtained from Pazy, A. [16], Section 1.4, and Bratteli, O. and Robinson, D.W. [3], Section 3.2.4 Special care was taken in the outlined proof of Theorem 68. A proof of a domain characterization theorem (due to Bratteli, O. and Robinson, D.W. [3], Proposition 3.2.55) is provided (Theorem 69) and used in the construction of the counter example of Section 4.6. Section 4: Domain properties is occupied with un-bounded derivations on C*-algebras and their domain properties. Some initial complex function theory is developed after which four important domain preserving theorems are proved in full detail: the inverse function (Section 4.2), the exponential function (Section 4.3), Fourier analysis on the domain (Section 4.4) and C2-functions on the domain (Section 4.5). The non domain preserving C1 function counter example is presented in Section 4.6. The results of Section 4 appear in Bratteli, O. and Robinson, D.W. [3], Section 3.2.2, and Sakai, S. [22], Section 3.3, and the counter example is due to McIntosh, A. [11]. All the results in Section 4 are presented in full detail not available in this format from any of the sources used. Some Topelitz operator theory is used with reference to Brown, A. and Halmos, P.R. [4], 94, and the Fourier coefficients of a required function is calculated. Some results on direct sum spaces and the core of a linear operator were used from Kadison, R.V. and Ringrose, J.R. [8], Section 2.6 and page 160, as well as Zhu, K. [24], Section 14.2. / Dissertation (MSc (Mathematics and Applied Mathematics))--University of Pretoria, 2004. / Mathematics and Applied Mathematics / unrestricted