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This thesis aims at preparing a user-friendly software tool for the prediction and analysis of the noise generated in Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning (HVAC) Systems elaborating the standardized prediction formulae and data coming from the research studies. For the analysis portion of the software, different types of indoor noise criteria are introduced and implemented in the software to ease the investigation of the level and the quality of the sound perceived by the occupant in a room through such criteria. General software structure and implementation of HVAC elements are explained by different userinterface samples in the thesis. Several case studies are presented to demonstrate the capabilities of the tool prepared in VISUAL BASIC programming language within the scope of the study.

The reduction of noise generated by new and existing engineering products is of increasing importance commercially, socially and environmentally. Commercially, the noise emission of vehicles, such as cars and aircraft, may often be considered a selling point and the effects of noise pollution on human health and the environment has led to legislation restricting the noise emissions of many engineering products. Noise prediction schemes are important tools to help us understand and develop a means of controlling noise. Acoustic problems present numerous challenges to traditional CFD-type numerical methods rendering all but the most trivial problems unsuitable. Difficulties relate to the length scale discrepancies which arise due to the relatively tiny pressure and density fluctuations of an acoustic wave propagating over large distancesto the point of interest; the result being large computational domains to capture wave behaviour accurately between source and observer. Noise prediction may be performed using a hybrid Computational Aero-Acoustics (CAA) scheme, an approach to noise prediction which alleviates many issues associated with exclusively numerical or analytical approaches. Hybrid schemes often rely on knowledge of a Green’s function, representing the scattering of the geometry, to propagate source fluctuations to the far-field. Presently, these functions only exist in analytical form for relatively simple geometries. This research develops principles for the robust calculation of Green’s functions for general situations. In order to achieve this, three techniques to computeGreen’s functions for the Helmholtz equation within an extended class of 2D geometries are developed, evaluated and compared. Where appropriate, their extension to 3D is described. Guidance is provided on the selection of a suitable numerical method in practice given knowledge of the geometry of interest. Through inclusion of the numerical methods for the construction of Green’s functions presented here, the applicability of existing hybrid schemes will be significantly extended. Thus, it is expected that noise predictions may be performed on a more general range of geometries while exploiting the computational efficiency of hybrid prediction schemes.

The prediction of the noise generated by en-route aircraft is gradually gaining in importance as the number of aircraft increases over the last few decades. While the studies of outdoor sound propagation have been focused on near ground propagation, the case when the sound source is high above the ground has not attracted much attention. At the same time there has been a lack of high-quality aircraft acoustic validation data sets that contain detailed acoustic, meteorology, and source-receiver position data. The DISCOVER-AQ data set, which was collected by Volpe in support of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), has greatly helped with studying the directivity and the Doppler effect in the comparison between simulation results and measurements. <div><br>To provide a more accurate prediction of en-route aircraft noise, we derived the analytic asymptotic solution of the sound field above a non-locally reacting ground due to a moving point source and a line source using the methods of the steepest descent and a Lorentz transform. The model predicts a much more accurate result for sound field above "soft" grounds, such as a snow-covered ground and sand-covered ground. At the same time, we derived a fast numerical algorithm based on Levin’s collocation for the prediction of the sound field in the presence of a temperature gradient, which can be applied to a wide range of acoustic problems involving integration. The achievements recorded in this thesis can be used to predict the sound field generated by aircraft, trains, and vehicles with a subsonic moving speed. In addition,<br>the model can be used for detection and design of moving sound source. <br></div>

More energy efficient fans, i.e. larger sizes running at lower speeds, in Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems decrease the fan noise and increase the importance of flow generated noise in other system components, e.g., dampers and air terminal devices. In this thesis, an extended prediction model, using semi-empirical scaling laws, for flow noise prediction in HVAC systems at low Mach number flow speeds is presented. The scaling laws can be seen as a combination of a generalized noise spectrum based on experimental data and constriction flow characteristics, where the latter can be gained from ComputationalFluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. The flow generated noise can be predicted by semi-empirical scaling laws to avoid a time consuming, fully resolved simulation or measurement. Here, an approach is suggested where the general noise spectra are combined with turbulent data obtained from Reynolds Average Navier Stokes (RANS) simulations. A model is proposed using a momentumflux assumption of the dipole source strength and a frequency scaling based on the constriction pressure loss. To evaluate the applicability of the semi-emprical scaling law on different HVAC geometries both literature data and new measurement data are considered. Focus is at comparing geometries of high and low pressure loss but also to discuss the differences in other properties, e.g. radiation characteristics. A general noise reference spectrum is determined bya best fit calculation of measurement data including orifice, damper and bend geometries. Air terminal devices at the end of a duct are also evaluated and compared to constrictions inside ducts. The expected accuracy of the suggested model and its challenges as a tool for flow noise prediction of non-rotating components in HVAC systems are discussed. / På grund av ökade energieffektivitetskrav har större fläktar som roterar med lägre hastighet börjat användas i byggnaders ventilationssystem(HVAC). De lägre hastigheterna har minskat ljudnivån från fläkten och ökat betydelsen av strömningsalstrat ljud från andra systemkomponenter, t.ex. spjäll och luftdon. I denna avhandling presenteras en förbättrad prediktionsmodell, utifrån semi-empiriska skalningslagar, för strömningsalstrat ljud i ventilationssystem. Skalningslagarna kan ses som en kombination av generellaljudspektra och strypningens specifika flödesegenskaper, där det senare kan fås från Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simuleringar. Semiempiriska skalningslagar är ett alternativ för att undvika tidskrävandemätningar eller fullt upplösta simuleringar. Ett tillvägagångssätt presenteras här där det generella spektrat, bestämt utifrån experimentell data, kombineras med data från Reynolds Average Navier Stokes (RANS) simuleringar. En prediktionsmodell föreslås där källstyrkan hos dipolkrafterna definieras utifrån rörelsemängd och frekvensskalningen utifrån strypningens tryckfall. För att utvärdera vilka HVAC geometrier som kan ingå i den generella modellen analyseras både resultat från litteraturen samt nya mätningar. Avhandlingsarbetet fokuserar på att jämföra geometrier av högt och lågt tryckfall men också på att diskutera skillnader i andra egenskaper såsom strålningskarakteristik t.ex. genom att jämföra luftdon i slutet av en kanal med strypningar inuti kanalen. Ett generellt ljudspektrum föreslås utifrån en anpassning av mätdata för strypningar, spjäll och böjar. Modellens förväntade noggrannhet och dess utmaningar som prediktionsverktyg för icke-roterande komponenter i ventilationssystem diskuteras. / <p>QC 20150518</p>

Power factor correction (PFC) converter is a species of switching mode power supply (SMPS) which is widely used in offline frond-end converter for the distributed power systems to reduce the grid harmonic distortion. With the fast development of information technology and multi-media systems, high frequency PFC power supplies for servers, desktops, laptops and flat-panel TVs, etc. are required for more efficient power delivery within limited spaces. Therefore the critical conduction mode (CRM) PFC converter has been becoming more and more popular for these information technology applications due to its advantages in inherent zero-voltage soft switching (ZVS) and negligible diode reverse recovery. With the emerging of the high voltage GaN devices, the goal of achieving soft switching for high frequency PFC converters is the top priority and the trend of adopting the CRM PFC converter is becoming clearer. However, there is the stringent electromagnetic interference (EMI) regulation worldwide. For the CRM PFC converter, there are several challenges on meeting the EMI standards. First, for the CRM PFC converter, the switching frequency is variable during the half line cycle and has very wide range dependent on the AC line RMS voltage and the load, which makes it unlike the traditional constant-frequency PFC converter and therefore the knowledge and experience of the EMI characteristics for the traditional constant-frequency PFC converter cannot be directly applied to the CRM PFC converter. Second, for the CRM PFC converter, the switching frequency is also dependent on the inductance of the boost inductor. It means the EMI spectrum of the CRM PFC converter is tightly related the boost inductor selection during the design of the PFC power stage. Therefore, unlike the traditional constant-frequency PFC converter, the selection of the boost inductor is also part of the EMI filter design process and EMI filter optimization should begin at the same time when the power stage design starts. Third, since the EMI filter optimization needs to begin before the proto-type of the CRM PFC converter is completed, the traditional EMI-measurement based EMI filter design will become much more complex and time-consuming if it is applied to the CRM PFC converter. Therefore, a new methodology must be developed to evaluate the EMI performance of the CRM PFC converter, help to simplify the process of the EMI filter design and achieve the EMI filter optimization. To overcome these challenges, a novel mathematical analysis method for variable frequency PFC converter is thus proposed in this dissertation. Based on the mathematical analysis, the quasi-peak EMI noise, which is specifically required in most EMI regulation standards, is investigated and accurately predicted for the first time. A complete approximate model is derived to predict the quasi-peak DM EMI noise for the CRM PFC converter. Experiments are carried out to verify the validity of the prediction. Based on the DM EMI noise prediction, worst case analysis is carried out and the worst DM EMI noise case for all the input line and load conditions can be found to avoid the overdesign of the EMI filter. Based on the discovered worst case, criteria to ease the DM EMI filter design procedure of the CRM boost PFC are given for different boost inductor selection. Optimized design procedure of the EMI filter for the front-end converter is then discussed. Experiments are carried out to verify the validity of the whole methodology. / Ph. D. / Power factor correction (PFC) converter is widely used in offline frond-end converter for the distributed power systems to reduce the grid harmonic distortion. With the fast development of information technology and multi-media systems, high frequency PFC power supplies for servers, desktops, laptops and flat-panel TVs, etc. are required for more efficient power delivery within limited spaces. Therefore the critical conduction mode (CRM) PFC converter has been becoming more and more popular for these information technology applications. However, there is the stringent electromagnetic interference (EMI) regulation worldwide. For the CRM PFC converter, there are many challenges on meeting the EMI standards. To overcome these challenges, a novel mathematical analysis method for variable frequency PFC converter is thus proposed in this dissertation. A complete approximate model is derived to predict the quasi-peak DM EMI noise for the CRM PFC converter. Experiments are carried out to verify the validity of the prediction. Based on the DM EMI noise prediction, worst case analysis is carried out and based on the discovered worst case, criteria to ease the DM EMI filter design procedure of the CRM boost PFC are given for different boost inductor selection. Optimized design procedure of the EMI filter for the front-end converter is then discussed. Experiments are carried out to verify the validity of the whole methodology.

Uma nova ferramenta de aeroacústica computacional baseada em simulações RANS (Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes) foi desenvolvida para a predição do ruído gerado pelo escoamento tri-dimensional de jatos complexos. O método é denominado de LRT o qual surgiu da combinação da analogia acústica de Lighthill com o método de acústica geométrica Ray-Tracing. A grande vantagem da utilização do método LRT para predições de ruído é que este determina não apenas as fontes sonoras presentes no escoamento, mas também modela os efeitos da interação fluidoacústica e, sua influência no ruído em um campo distante. Esta característica tornou-se extremamente importante para a indústria de motores aeronáuticos já que investigações em bocais assimétricos estão atualmente em andamento devido à necessidade de redução de ruído. O método LRT é uma ferramenta relativamente rápida de predição de ruído de jatos baseado na Analogia Acústica de Lighthill e que usa como dados de entrada os resultados obtidos à partir de uma simulação RANS do escoamento. A interação fluidoacústica é calculada através da utilização da Teoria de Traçamento de Raios. O método LRT foi formulado como um método tri-dimensional e, portanto, não possui limitações de aplicabilidade para a predição sonora em relação ao tipo de escoamento ou à geometria do bocal. Diversas simulações numéricas foram conduzidas com sucesso para uma grande variedade de escoamento de jatos (jatos simples, coaxiais e assimétricos) utilizando o LRT como uma ferramenta de engenharia. O resultado deste trabalho é uma ferramenta numérica que permite a realização de predições de ruído para casos de escoamento de jatos complexos, assim como possibilita sua aplicação para a investigação de efeitos de interação do escoamento do jato com superfícies hiper-sustentadoras no campo acústico. Adicionalmente, o método LRT pode ser aplicado para complementar análises experimentais possibilitando, portanto, um melhor entendimento sobre os mecanismos fluidodinâmicos e acústicos presentes em escoamentos de jatos complexos. / A novel computational aeroacoustics tool based on RANS (Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes method) is developed for predicting the noise generated by complex three-dimensional jet flows. The new method is called LRT which arises from the combination of Lighthills acoustic analogy with Ray-Tracing acoustics. The powerful advantage of applying the LRT method for noise predictions is that it calculates not only the noise sources but it also models and takes into account sound-flow interaction effects without any geometric simplification, such as flow symmetries of the problem. This is now a strong requirement from aero-engines manufactures since investigations on asymmetric nozzles, as a means of noise reductions are in progress. The LRT method is a relatively fast jet noise prediction tool based on Lighthills Acoustic Analogy and it uses a Reynolds-Average Navier-Stokes (RANS) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation as input information. The sound-flow interaction is computed by solving the propagation using Ray-Tracing equations. The LRT method has been formulated as a general three-dimensional method and it has no restrictions on the type of the flow field or nozzle geometry for noise prediction. Successful numerical noise predictions have been carried out for a variety of jet flows (single, coaxial and asymmetric jets) using the LRT as an engineering tool. The outcome from this thesis is a numerical tool that allows noise predictions of complex exhaust systems and the variations in sound field due to modifications of the flow field generated by the interaction of the jet flow with high-lift surfaces. In addition, the LRT method can be applied to complement experimental analysis providing a better understanding about the flow and acoustics mechanisms for complex jets.

Uma nova ferramenta de aeroacústica computacional baseada em simulações RANS (Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes) foi desenvolvida para a predição do ruído gerado pelo escoamento tri-dimensional de jatos complexos. O método é denominado de LRT o qual surgiu da combinação da analogia acústica de Lighthill com o método de acústica geométrica Ray-Tracing. A grande vantagem da utilização do método LRT para predições de ruído é que este determina não apenas as fontes sonoras presentes no escoamento, mas também modela os efeitos da interação fluidoacústica e, sua influência no ruído em um campo distante. Esta característica tornou-se extremamente importante para a indústria de motores aeronáuticos já que investigações em bocais assimétricos estão atualmente em andamento devido à necessidade de redução de ruído. O método LRT é uma ferramenta relativamente rápida de predição de ruído de jatos baseado na Analogia Acústica de Lighthill e que usa como dados de entrada os resultados obtidos à partir de uma simulação RANS do escoamento. A interação fluidoacústica é calculada através da utilização da Teoria de Traçamento de Raios. O método LRT foi formulado como um método tri-dimensional e, portanto, não possui limitações de aplicabilidade para a predição sonora em relação ao tipo de escoamento ou à geometria do bocal. Diversas simulações numéricas foram conduzidas com sucesso para uma grande variedade de escoamento de jatos (jatos simples, coaxiais e assimétricos) utilizando o LRT como uma ferramenta de engenharia. O resultado deste trabalho é uma ferramenta numérica que permite a realização de predições de ruído para casos de escoamento de jatos complexos, assim como possibilita sua aplicação para a investigação de efeitos de interação do escoamento do jato com superfícies hiper-sustentadoras no campo acústico. Adicionalmente, o método LRT pode ser aplicado para complementar análises experimentais possibilitando, portanto, um melhor entendimento sobre os mecanismos fluidodinâmicos e acústicos presentes em escoamentos de jatos complexos. / A novel computational aeroacoustics tool based on RANS (Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes method) is developed for predicting the noise generated by complex three-dimensional jet flows. The new method is called LRT which arises from the combination of Lighthills acoustic analogy with Ray-Tracing acoustics. The powerful advantage of applying the LRT method for noise predictions is that it calculates not only the noise sources but it also models and takes into account sound-flow interaction effects without any geometric simplification, such as flow symmetries of the problem. This is now a strong requirement from aero-engines manufactures since investigations on asymmetric nozzles, as a means of noise reductions are in progress. The LRT method is a relatively fast jet noise prediction tool based on Lighthills Acoustic Analogy and it uses a Reynolds-Average Navier-Stokes (RANS) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation as input information. The sound-flow interaction is computed by solving the propagation using Ray-Tracing equations. The LRT method has been formulated as a general three-dimensional method and it has no restrictions on the type of the flow field or nozzle geometry for noise prediction. Successful numerical noise predictions have been carried out for a variety of jet flows (single, coaxial and asymmetric jets) using the LRT as an engineering tool. The outcome from this thesis is a numerical tool that allows noise predictions of complex exhaust systems and the variations in sound field due to modifications of the flow field generated by the interaction of the jet flow with high-lift surfaces. In addition, the LRT method can be applied to complement experimental analysis providing a better understanding about the flow and acoustics mechanisms for complex jets.

Current European legislation aims to limit vehicle noise emissions since many people are exposed to road traffic noise in urban areas. Vehicle pass-by noise is measured according to the international standard ISO 362 in Europe. More recent investigations of urban traffic have led to the proposal of a revised ISO 362 which includes a constant-speed test in addition to the traditional accelerated test in order to determine the pass-by noise value. In order to meet the legal pass-by noise requirements, vehicle manufacturers and suppliers must analyse and quantify vehicle noise source characteristics during the development phase of the vehicle. In addition, predictive tools need to be available for the estimation of the final pass-by noise value. This thesis aims to contribute to the understanding of vehicle pass-by noise and of the characteristics of the vehicle noise sources contributing to pass-by noise. This is supported through an extensive literature review in which current pass-by noise prediction methods are reviewed as well. Furthermore, three vehicle noise sources are replicated experimentally under laboratory conditions. This involves an orifice noise source, represented by a specially designed loudspeaker on a moving trolley, shell noise, represented by a metal cylinder structure, and tyre cavity and sidewall noise, represented by an annular membrane mounted on a tyre-like structure. The experimentally determined directivity characteristics of the acoustically excited noise sources are utilised in the pass-by noise prediction method. The predictive results are validated against experimental measurements of the three vehicle-like noise sources made within an anechoic chamber.