Contexte : Les dermatoses professionnelles sont l’une des principales causes de pathologies professionnelles en Europe, et dans près de 80% des cas, elles concernent des dermatites de contact professionnelles (DCP). Les DCP comprennent les dermatites allergiques de contact (DAC), les dermatites irritatives de contact (DIC) et les urticaires de contact (UC). En France, les secteurs et nuisances à risque de DCP et les tendances chronologiques de DCP sont très peu documentés. Objectifs : 1) étudier les tendances observées au fil du temps vis-à-vis du nombre de cas de dermatoses professionnelles, des secteurs d’activité concernés et des nuisances mises en cause, 2) mettre en évidence des secteurs ou des postes à risque de dermatoses professionnelles. Méthode : Ce travail de thèse s’appuie sur le réseau français RNV3P (Réseau national de vigilance et de prévention des pathologies professionnelles) qui assure le suivi des évènements de santé liés au travail sur l’ensemble du territoire, en centralisant les informations recueillies dans ses 32 centres de consultations de pathologies professionnelles (CCPP). Les analyses ont porté sur les DAC, les DIC et les UC en lien probable ou certain avec le travail et recensées dans le RNV3P entre 2001 et 2010. L’analyse des évolutions temporelles a été réalisée à partir des rapports de cote de signalement (Reporting Odds-Ratio, ROR). Deux méthodes statistiques ont été utilisées : le coefficient de corrélation de rang de Kendall sur les ROR estimés chaque année et le modèle logistique calculant la variation annuelle des cas. Résultats : Les 5990 cas de DCP notifiés touchent plus fréquemment les femmes, dans des tranches d'âges jeunes. Les principaux secteurs mis en cause pour les trois DCP se distribuent différemment en fonction du sexe et sont, par ordre décroissant de fréquence : santé et action sociale, services personnels, construction, métallurgie et travail des métaux, administrations publiques, services fournis principalement aux entreprises, commerce et réparation automobile, hôtellerie et restauration. Les DCP associées aux cosmétiques (savons ou substances parfumantes) et les biocides augmentent significativement dans le secteur de la santé et de l’action sociale ; les produits de coiffure et les cosmétiques (savons essentiellement) augmentent dans celui des services personnels, essentiellement parmi les coiffeuses. On observe une montée des cas de DAC aux résines époxy dans la construction sur la période et les DIC liées au ciment dans ce secteur ne baissent pas. Les cas de DAC aux métaux augmentent dans le secteur des services fournis aux entreprises (personnels de nettoyage). Nos résultats ont aussi montré une hausse des DAC liées aux isothiazolinones, quel que soit le secteur (+38%) et une baisse des DIC liées à l’action de lavage des mains (utilisation itérative des savons). Par ailleurs, nos données ont objectivé l’impact de mesures réglementaires ou de politiques visant à prévenir les DCP : la mise en place de la directive européenne « Ciment » (2003/53/CE) en 2005 s’est accompagnée d’une réduction de moitié des cas de DAC et une baisse similaire a été observée à partir des données du réseau britannique EPIDERM, confortant nos conclusions ; la campagne de substitution des gants en latex dans le secteur de soins au milieu des années 2000 est suivie d’une réduction significative de la notification des cas d’UC. Conclusion : Ces résultats démontrent, avec l’exemple des dermatoses professionnelles, la capacité du RNV3P à orienter les politiques nationales en matière de prévention des risques professionnels et à en évaluer l’efficacité. / Background: In Europe, occupational skin disease is one of the major causes of work-related diseases, among them occupational contact dermatitis (OCD) accounts for 80% of all cases of OSD reported, but data about sectors and agents at risk remains sparse. Objectives: 1) to study OCD trends in terms of industrial activities and main causal agents, 2) to describe industrial sectors or occupations at risk of OCD. Method: Data were collected from the French National Network of Occupational Disease Surveillance and Prevention (RNV3P) during 2001-2010 period, based on the 32 French Occupational and Environmental Disease Consultation Centres. All allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), irritative contact dermatitis (ICD) and contact urticaria (CU) probably or certainly work-related were included in the study. Trends were examined (i) on annual crude numbers of OCD and (ii) on reported odds-ratios of OCD calculated using logistic regression models. Results: 5990 OCD cases were included and concerned more frequently young age classes among women and older age classes among men. Industrial sectors more commonly involved in OCD concerned in decreasing order: health and social work activities, personal service activities, construction, metal industry, public administrations, other business activities, retail trade and repair of motor vehicles, and hotels and restaurants. According to trend analysis of OCD cases, cosmetics (including soaps and fragrances) and biocides increased significantly in health and social work activities; hairdressing products and cosmetics (mainly soaps) in personal service activities (including primarily hairdressers). In construction sector, ACD due to epoxy resins increased during the study period and concomitantly, ICD attributed to cement did not decrease underlying the lack of prevention in this sector at risk. ACD due to metals increased in other business activities mainly occupied by cleaning staff. We showed a rise of ACD due to isothiazolinone compounds whatever the sector. Besides, we have shown the impact of regulatory measures or prevention campaign on OCD: (i) a significant reduction by almost half in the occurrence of ACD attributed to chromate in cement which coincides with the implementation of the European Cement directive and we obtained similar results to a study based on the UK EPIDERM network; (ii) the effectiveness of latex exposure prevention measures for health care workers since half of 2000s and (iii) the wide use of disinfection with an alcohol-based solution in health and social work activity followed by a significant reduction of ICD due to iterative handwashing with soap. Conclusion: RNV3P data allowed to highlight causal agents involved in sectors most at risk of OCD. These results might help intervention policy in health and safety at work and allergy prevention. They also showed the effectiveness of preventative intervention on OCD, suggesting that RNV3P reporting scheme is useful in France to evaluate intervention policy in health and safety at work.

Many industrial processes such as printing and cleaning, as well as products like adhesives, coatings, and biological testing devices, rely on the wetting of liquids on a surfaces. Wetting is commonly controlled through material selection, coatings, and/or surface texture, but these means are sensitive to environmental conditions. Wetting is influenced by variables like surface tension, density, the surface chemistry, local energy barriers like surface roughness, and how the droplet is placed on the surface. Wetting of droplets can also be influenced externally in many ways such as introducing surfactants, applying electrical fields, or by dynamically excitation. Low-frequency, high amplitude vibration can initiate wetting changes prompted by droplet contact line oscillations that exceed the range of stable contact angles inherent of a droplet on a solid surface. The study of ultrasonic vibration wetting and spreading effects is sparse [1, 2], and is usually only qualitatively analyzed. Therefore, the specific goal of this thesis is somewhat unique, but also has potential as a means to controllably reverse surface adhesion. High frequency vibration effects and the governing mechanisms are relatively uncharacterized due to difficulties posed by the spatial and temporal scales. To investigate, droplets of 10, 20, and 30 µL are imaged as they vibrate on a hydrophobic surface forced via a piezoelectric transducer over different high frequencies (>10 kHz). Wetting transitions occur abruptly over a range of parameters, but coincide with transducer resonance modes. The magnitude of contact angle change is dependent on droplet volume and surface acceleration, and remains after cessation of vibration, however new droplets wet with the original contact angle. A more detailed investigation of this phenomenon was necessary to obtain a better understanding. This required repeatable testing conditions, which relies heavily on surface integrity. However, some “hydrophobic” coatings are sensitive to extended water exposure. To determine which hydrophobic coatings may be appropriate for investigating dynamic wetting phenomena, samples of glass slides coated with a series of fluoropolymer coatings were tested by measuring water contact angle before, during, and after extended submersion in deionized water and compared to the same coatings subjected to ultrasonic vibration while covered in deionized water. Both methods caused changes in advancing and receding contact angle, but degradation rates of vibrated coatings, when apparent, were significantly increased. Prolonged soaking caused significant decreases in the contact angle of most coatings, but experienced significant recovery of hydrophobicity when later heat-treated at 160 C. Dissimilar trends apparent in receding contact angles suggests a unique degradation cause in each case. Roughening and smoothing of coatings was noted for coatings that were submerged and heat-treated respectively, but this did not correlate well with the changing water contact angle. Degradation did not correspond to surface acceleration levels, but may be related to how well coatings adhere to the substrate, indicative of a dissolved coating. Most coatings suffered from contact angle degradation between 20-70% when exposed to water over a long period of time, however the hydrophobic fluoropolymer coating FluoroSyl was found to remain unchanged. For this reason it was found to be the most robust coating for providing long term wetting repeatability of vibrated droplets. Droplets (10 to 70 µL) were imaged on hydrophobic surfaces as they were vibrated with ultrasonic piezoelectric transducers. Droplets were vibrated at a constant frequency with ramped amplitude. Spreading of droplets occurs abruptly when a threshold surface acceleration is exceeded of approximately 20,000 m/s2. Droplet contact area (diameter) can be controlled by varying acceleration levels above the threshold. The threshold acceleration was relatively independent of droplet volume, while initial contact angle impacts the extent of spreading. Wetting changes remain after cessation of vibration as long as the vibrated droplet remained within the equilibrium contact angle range for the surface (> the receding contact angle), however new droplets wet with the original contact angle except for some cases where vibration of liquid can affect the integrity of the coating. Reversible wettability of textured surfaces is a desired effect that has various industry applications where droplet manipulation is used, like biomedical devices, coating technologies, and agriculture [3-5].

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This thesis presents a study of the applications of the variational principle to periodic lattices. A calculation of the conduction Knight Shift in the Alkali Meals is chosen as an example of the calculations possible with this method. The Knight Shift is discussed with reference to the contributions of both the core and conduction electrons. The approximation of neglect of the effect of the core electrons as found in previous calculations is discussed and its validity questioned. / Thesis / Master of Science (MS)

Yes / All neophyte contact lens wearers require training on how to handle contact lenses. Currently, almost no published information exists describing the most common approaches used by those involved in such training in soft contact lens wearers. This study aimed to gather information on the approaches taken by those conducting this training worldwide. An online survey was created in English and translated to Spanish and distributed internationally via social media, conference attendees, and professional contacts. The anonymous survey included information on workplace setting of respondents, information about the typical approaches used for application and removal of soft contact lenses, length of the appointment, and success rate with their approach. Survey responses were received between May 2021 and April 2022. A total of 511 individuals completed the survey and responses were received from 31 countries with 48.7% from the UK. The most common approach taught for application was to have the patient hold the upper eyelashes (84.7%) and to hold the lower eyelid with the same hand as the lens (89.4%). Lenses were applied directly to the cornea by 57.7% of the respondents. The most common approach taught for lens removal was to drag the lens inferiorly from the cornea prior to removal (49.3%). Most respondents did not use videos to aid the teaching appointment (62.0%); however, they felt that their approach was successful in most cases (90). Application and removal training sessions lasted a median of 30 min and contact lenses were typically dispensed after the instructor witnessing successful application and removal three times. Various methods are adopted globally for training of application and removal of soft contact lenses, with many advising a patient-specific approach is required for success. The results of this survey provide novel insights into soft contact lens handling training in clinical practice. / British & Irish University and College Contact Lens Educators (BUCCLE) receives sponsorship from CooperVision, Alcon, Bausch + Lomb and Johnson and Johnson. No specific grant was received for this study, and no sponsors had any input or involvement within this project. Nery Garcia-Porta is supported financially by a Maria Zambrano contract at USC under the grants call for the requalification of the Spanish university system 2021–2023, funded by the European Union—Next Generation EU.

The thesis deals with contact manifolds and their groups of transformations and relatedly with contact fibre bundles. We apply the framework of convenient calculus on in finite dimensional smooth manifolds to study the Chern-Weil theory of groups of strict contactomorphisms producing several non-vanishing type results on the cohomology of the classifying spaces of these groups. Moreover, we prove that the space of isocontact embeddings of one contact manifold to another can be given the structure of a smooth manifold and a principal bundle. Using this we describe a particular smooth model of the classifying space for the group Cont+(M; ) of (co-orientation preserving) contactomorphisms of a closed contact manifold (M; ). Lastly, we show that the standard action of the unitary group U(2) on the standard contact 3-sphere S3 induces a homotopy equivalence Cont+(S3; std) ' U(2).

Advancing contact angles formed by water and aqueous ethanol solutions were measured on both bare surfaces and film-covered surfaces of acrylic, glass, hydrophilic and hydrophobic silicon, polycarbonate, polyester, and stainless steel. Each bare surface was initially characterized with respect to its hydrophilic - hydrophobic balance. Both protein films and milk films were prepared on each surface; the adsorbed mass comprising each film was measured with ellipsometry. Contact angle methods proved useful in detecting the presence of a protein film on sufficiently hydrophilic or sufficiently hydrophobic surfaces. Contact angle methods were also found to be useful for detecting the presence of a milk film on sufficiently hydrophilic solid surfaces. The results also indicated that the type of diagnostic liquid chosen for the analysis becomes an important factor for films of increasing complexity. In any event, contact angle analysis is inappropriate to quantify the actual mass of soil remaining on a solid surface. / Graduation date: 1991

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