Metamaterials are artificially designed composite materials which can exhibit unique and unusual properties such as the negative refractive index, negative phase velocity, etc. The concept of metamaterials becomes prevalent in the electromagnetic society since the first experimental implementation in the early 2000s. Many fascinated potential applications, e.g. super lens, invisibility cloaking, and novel antennas that are electrically small, have been proposed based on metamaterials. However, most of the applications still remain in theory and are not suitable for practical applications mainly due to the intrinsic loss and narrow bandwidth (large dispersion) determined by the fundamental physics of metamaterials .In this dissertation, we incorporate active gain devices into conventional passive metamaterials to overcome loss and even provide gain. Two types of active gain negative refractive index metamaterials are proposed, designed and experimentally demonstrated, including an active composite left-/right-handed transmission line and an active volumetric metamaterial. In addition, we investigate the non-Foster circuits for broadband matching of electrically small antennas. A rigorous way of analyzing the stability of non-Foster circuits by normalized determinant function is proposed. We study the practical factors that may affect the stability of non-Foster circuits, including the device parasitics, DC biasing, layouts and load impedance. A stable floating negative capacitor is designed, fabricated and tested. Moreover, it is important to resolve the sign of refractive index for active gain media which can be quite challenging. We investigate the analytical solution of a gain slab system, and apply the Nyquist criterion to analyze the stability of a causal gain medium. We then emphasize that the result of frequency domain simulation has to be treated with care. Lastly, this dissertation discusses another interesting topic about THz spectroscopy of live cells. THz spectroscopy becomes an emerging technique for studying the dynamics and interactions of cells and biomolecules, but many practical challenges still remain in experimental studies. We present a prototype of simple and inexpensive cell-trapping microfluidic chip for THz spectroscopic study of live cells. Cells are transported, trapped and concentrated into the THz exposure region by applying an AC bias signal while the chip maintains a steady temperature at 37°C by resistive heating. We conduct some preliminary experiments on E. coli and T cell solution and compare the transmission spectra of empty channels, channels filled with aqueous media only, and channels filled with aqueous medium with un-concentrated and concentrated cells.

Pour faire cohabiter les nombreuses technologies radios, les terminaux mobiles nécessitent une miniaturisation de plus en plus poussée des antennes. Toutefois, les performances d'antennes ont des limites fondamentales liées à leurs dimensions physiques. La littérature met en évidence que les réseaux superdirectifs permettent de dépasser la limite de Harrington sur la directivité et que des antennes adaptées par des circuits non-Foster peuvent dépasser la limite de Bode-Fano sur la bande passante. Les contributions essentielles de ce travail de thèse consistent en la conception deréseaux d'antennes superdirectifs et d'antennes adaptées par des circuits non-Foster comme solutions possibles pour l'amélioration des performances des Antennes Electriquement Petites (AEP). Dans une première partie, un convertisseur d'impédance négative est réalisé pour obtenir des condensateurs de valeurs négatives de façon à adapter des antennes miniatures sur une large bande de fréquence. Dans la deuxième partie de ces travaux, les limites théoriques des réseaux d'antennes superdirectifs sont évaluées et une approche simple et pratique permettant la conception de ces réseaux à partir d'éléments parasites est proposée. L'intégration des AEP superdirectives sur des cartes de circuit imprimé est étudiée et les difficultés de mesure de ce type d'antenne sont évaluées. A partir de ces résultats, une nouvelle stratégie pour réaliser des réseaux compactes 3D ou planaires à polarisation linéaire ou circulaire en utilisant des éléments superdirectifs est présentée. / For supporting different wireless technologies, mobile terminals require significant miniaturization of antennas. However, antennas performance has some fundamental limits related to their physical dimensions. The available theory shows that superdirective arrays can exceed Harrington’s limit on antenna directivity and non-Foter matched antennas can surpass Bode-Fano limit on antenna bandwidth. Therefore, this work focuses on the design of superdirective antenna arrays and non-Foster matched antennas as possible solutions for improving the performance of Electrically Small Antennas (ESAs). In the first part: a Negative Impedance Converter (NIC) is designed to have a very small negative capacitor. The circuit is evaluated in terms of gain, stability and linearity. Then, the circuit is used to match several small antennas in the UHF band. In the second part: the theoretical limits of superdirective antenna arrays are studied. A simple and practical approach to design parasitic antenna arrays is proposed. The integration of superdirective ESAs in Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) is studied and the difficulties of measuring this type of antennasare evaluated. A new strategy for the design of 3D or planar compact arrays, with linear or circular-polarization, using superdirective elements is presented.