En el presente trabajo se expone el uso del agua salina y/o agua de mar como sustancia en la mejora de los parámetros geotécnicos del suelo no cohesivo, procedente de los distritos de Villa El Salvador, Chilca y el balneario de Asia al sur de Lima, indicando los efectos del agua salina sobre estos. Además, se presentan los resultados de este suelo sin adición de agua salina, que en adelante se considerará como condiciones iniciales; y el método de aplicación del agua salina, que en adelante se denominará condiciones finales, con el fin de observar cuál es su comportamiento y el efecto que dicha sustancia causa en este suelo. También se analizan algunos aspectos de este proceso, a través de los resultados obtenidos dentro del laboratorio, para, de esta manera, tener no solo una apreciación visual sino también evidencia y registro de lo realizado mediante equipos especializados. / This work presents the use of saline water or seawater as a substance in the geotechnical parameters improvement of the non-cohesive soil from the districts of Villa El Salvador, Chilca and The Asia bay in southern Lima, indicating the effects of saline water on these. In addition, the results of this soil are presented without the addition of saline water, which here in after are considered as final conditions, in order to observe what it’s behavior is and the effect that causes this substance on this soil. Also, some aspects of this process are analyzed, through the results obtained in the laboratory, to obtain, in this way, not only a visual appreciation but also the evidence and record of that has been done through specialized equipment. / Tesis

Esta investigación tiene como objetivo evaluar el desempeño geotécnico del suelo arcilloso de alta plasticidad de la urbanización Sudamérica en Talara- Piura, mediante la incorporación de dos materiales reciclados polvo cerámico (PCR) y yeso (YSR). En primer lugar, se optó por clasificar el suelo en estados natural el cual se caracterizó por ser una arcilla de alta plasticidad, para luego realizar los ensayos de contenido de humedad, granulometría y límites de consistencia. En segundo lugar, se analizó la muestra con las dos adiciones incorporadas con porcentajes de 2.5%, 5% y 7.5% de YSR y 5%, 10% y 15% de PCR, con el propósito de analizar cuál fue la influencia de las adiciones en la densidad seca y la resistencia a la compresión no confinada del suelo adicionado. Finalmente, los resultados de laboratorio analizados demostraron que la incorporación de los agentes estabilizadores de YSR y PCR aumentan en 7.5% en la densidad máxima seca y 13.5% en el óptimo contenido de humedad respecto a los valores iniciales del suelo en estado natural. Además, la resistencia a la compresión no confinada incrementó, de un valor promedio, de 6.3 kg/cm2 a 28.8 kg/cm2. Estos resultados muestran que al incorporar las adiciones de PCR y YSR son un método valido de implementación frente a fuerzas de compresión, ya que aumentan la capacidad resistente del suelo. / This research aims to evaluate the geotechnical performance of the highly plastic clay soil of the South American urbanization in Talara-Piura, by incorporating two recycled materials: ceramic powder (PCR) and gypsum (YSR). In the first place, it was decided to classify the soil in natural states which was characterized by being a clay of high plasticity, and then carry out tests for moisture content, grain size and consistency limits. Secondly, the sample was analyzed with the two additions incorporated with percentages of 2.5%, 5% and 7.5% of YSR and 5%, 10% and 15% of PCR, in order to analyze what was the influence of the additions in the dry density and unconfined compressive strength of the added soil. Finally, the analyzed laboratory results showed that the incorporation of the stabilizing agents of YSR and PCR increase by 7.5% in the maximum dry density and 13.5% in the optimal moisture content with respect to the initial values of the soil in the natural state. Furthermore, unconfined compressive strength increased, from an average value, from 6.3 kg / cm2 to 28.8 kg / cm2. These results show that incorporating the additions of PCR and YSR are a valid method of implementation against compression forces, since they increase the resistant capacity of the soil. / Tesis

Capacity analysis is a common preliminary step in the design of offshore foundations. Inaccuracies in traditional capacity analysis methods, and the advancement of numerical modelling capabilities, have increasingly led designers to optimise foundations using more complex methods. In this thesis, the ultimate limit state capacity of a range of foundation types is investigated using finite element limit analysis. Novel three-dimensional finite element limit analysis software is benchmarked against analytical solutions and conventional displacement finite element analysis. It is then used to find lower and upper bounds of foundation capacity, with adaptive mesh refinement used to reduce the bound gap over successive iterations of the solution. Rigid foundations subjected to short term loading on clay soil are analysed. The undrained soil is modelled as a rigid--plastic von Mises material, and attention is given to modelling any normal and/or shear stress limits at the foundation/soil interface. Shallow foundations, suction anchor foundations, and hybrid mudmat/pile foundations are considered. Realistic six degree-of-freedom load combinations are applied and results are reported in the form of normalised design charts, and tables, that are suitable for use in preliminary design. Relationships between loading combinations and failure mechanisms are also explored. A number of case studies based on authentic foundation designs are analysed. The results suggest that finite element limit analysis could provide an attractive alternative to displacement finite element analysis for preliminary foundation design calculations.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / In this thesis, an explicit time integration code which integrates multibody dynamics and the discrete element method is used for modelling the excavation and moving operation of cohesive soft soil (such as mud and snow) by bulldozers. A soft cohesive soil material model (that includes normal and tangential inter-particle force models) is used that can account for soil compressibility, plasticity, fracture, friction, viscosity and gain in cohesive strength due to compression. In addition, a time relaxation sub-model for the soil plastic deformation and cohesive strength is added in order to account for loss in soil cohesive strength and reduced bulk density due to tension or removal of the compression. This is essential in earth moving applications since the soil that is dug typically becomes loose soil that has lower shear strength and lower bulk density (larger volume) than compacted soil. If the model does not account for loss of soil shear strength then the dug soil pile in front of the blade of a bulldozer will have an artificially high shear strength. A penalty technique is used to impose joint and normal contact constraints. An asperity-based friction model is used to model contact and joint friction. A Cartesian Eulerian grid contact search algorithm is used to allow fast contact detection between particles. A recursive bounding box contact search algorithm is used to allow fast contact detection between the particles and polygonal contact surfaces. A multibody dynamics bulldozer model is created which includes the chassis/body, C-frame, blade, wheels and hydraulic actuators. The components are modelled as rigid bodies and are connected using revolute and prismatic joints. Rotary actuators along with PD (Proportional-Derivative) controllers are used to drive the wheels. Linear actuators along with PD controllers are used to drive the hydraulic actuators. Polygonal contact surfaces are defined for the tires and blade to model the interaction between the soil and the bulldozer. Simulations of a bulldozer performing typical shallow digging operations in a cohesive soil are presented. The simulation of a rear wheel drive bulldozer shows that, it has a limited digging capacity compared to the 4-wheel drive bulldozer. The effect of the relaxation parameter can be easily observed from the variation in the Bulldozer's velocity. The higher the relaxation parameter, the higher is the bulldozer's velocity while it is crossing over the soil patch. For the low penetration depth run the bulldozer takes less time compared to high penetration depth. Also higher magnitudes of torques at front and rear wheels can be observed in case of high penetration depth. The model is used to predict the wheel torque, wheel speed, vehicle speed and actuator forces during shallow digging operations on three types of soils and at two blade penetration depths. The model presented can be used to predict the motion, loads and required actuators forces and to improve the design of the various bulldozer components such as the blade, tires, engine and hydraulic actuators.