<p><font size="3"> <p>In South Africa, as in most jurisdictions, the presumption of innocence is a guaranteed constitutional right. The rationale of the presumption lies in the protection which it offers, since a person charged with a criminal offence stands to lose dearly in personal liberty, in social life and psychological well-being. The presumption is, therefore, a pivotal element of a culture of democracy and human rights. This study is prompted by the realisation that the presumption of innocence, which ought to constitute one of the most fundamental rights in any criminal justice system, is being eroded steadily in South Africa. In this regard, a significant area of concern is the current bail laws which, in my estimation, make a big dent into the right to be presumed innocent. The bail laws are part of government&rsquo / s policies directed at fighting crime. However, the pre-occupation with crime control measures threatens to reverse the hard-won rights of the accused and threatens to undermine individual liberty. Also, these measures are incompatible with the constitutional commitment to a culture of human rights.</p> </font></p>

<p><font size="3"> <p>In South Africa, as in most jurisdictions, the presumption of innocence is a guaranteed constitutional right. The rationale of the presumption lies in the protection which it offers, since a person charged with a criminal offence stands to lose dearly in personal liberty, in social life and psychological well-being. The presumption is, therefore, a pivotal element of a culture of democracy and human rights. This study is prompted by the realisation that the presumption of innocence, which ought to constitute one of the most fundamental rights in any criminal justice system, is being eroded steadily in South Africa. In this regard, a significant area of concern is the current bail laws which, in my estimation, make a big dent into the right to be presumed innocent. The bail laws are part of government&rsquo / s policies directed at fighting crime. However, the pre-occupation with crime control measures threatens to reverse the hard-won rights of the accused and threatens to undermine individual liberty. Also, these measures are incompatible with the constitutional commitment to a culture of human rights.</p> </font></p>

Capote's themes of the innocent character who is confronted with evil and the evil character - a product of society - who tries to initiate the innocent, are brought together in In Cold Blood.

Literature for children does more than simply entertain, or create fantastical spaces for children to occupy—children’s literature is instructive. I argue that didacticism in literary tales for children works according to the two main ideologies of childhood, which Marina Warner refers to as “myths” in her essay Little Angles, Little Monsters: Keeping Childhood Innocent (1995). This study analyzes the two main nineteenth-century attitudes regarding childhood and their presence in literary tales—childhood innocence and inherent naughtiness. I argue that these ideologies reveal the struggle to accurately and collectively define childhood. In particular, I discuss naughty children in selections from Heinrich Hoffmann’s Struwwelpeter (1845), and innocent/good children in Hans Christian Andersen’s fairy tales, including The Emperor’s New Clothes (1837), The Snow Queen (1844), Dance, Dolly, Dance (1871), etc... In addition, I argue that these attitudes from the Victorian era are still present in today’s discourse surrounding childhood and in the literature of today, which I demonstrate through Neil Gaiman’s The Graveyard Book (2008) and Alvin Schwartz’ In a Dark, Dark Room and Other Scary Stories (1984). / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

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This thesis focuses on the properties of the diiminepyridine (DIP) ligand and its transition metal complexes, especially cobalt complexes. Existing and new X-ray structures of five-coordinate DIP Fe and Co dihalide complexes have been analyzed using the two-angle criterion ω. Substituent effects (less than 6 kcal/mol) and metal effects (mostly less than 6 kcal/mol) on structure distortion have been explored by density functional theory (DFT). The small energy barrier indicated easy distortion of the coordination geometries. The same strategy was also applied to the analysis of iron dialkyl complexes. There seems to be no direct correlation between structural preference and catalytic activity in olefin polymerization. Ligand parameters of DIP-type ligands, which intend to measure the σ-donor and π-acceptor ability, were developed using DFT calculation. The stabilization energy of the metal complexes was decomposed assuming a linear energy relationship. The results showed that the standard DIP ligand is both a strong σ-donor and a strong π-acceptor, and inferior only to the bis(carbene)pyridine ligand. A mild way to make (DIP)CoR using labile-ligand cobalt dialkyl precursors has been explored. A simple and easy way to synthesize (Py)2Co(CH2SiMe3)2 has been developed. This compound is stable at room temperature and can be further converted to (TMEDA)Co(CH2SiMe3)2 in high yield. The X-ray structure of the analogous (Py)2Co(CH2CMe2Ph)2 showed a structure similar to its iron analog. Application to DIP ligands indicates that the π-acceptor ability of the ligand determines whether cobalt(I) or cobalt(II) dialkyl will be obtained. However, steric protection is important in obtaining stable cobalt(I) alkyl complexes. Hydrogenolysis of LCoCH2SiMe3 (L: 2,6-[2,6-Me2C6H3N=C(CH3)]2C5H3N) generated LCo(N2) complex in the presence of dinitrogen. When reacted with organic halides, especially aryl chlorides, LCo(N2) broke the carbon-halogen bond through a binuclear oxidative addition mode to generate two cobalt(I) products. The radical mechanism proposed was supported by DFT studies. The resulting cobalt(I) aryl products can further react with activated alkyl halides to generate cross-coupled products, probably also through a radical mechanism. LCo(N2) can also be used to break the acyl carbon-oxygen bond of esters, although less efficiently.

This thesis focuses on the properties of the diiminepyridine (DIP) ligand and its transition metal complexes, especially cobalt complexes. Existing and new X-ray structures of five-coordinate DIP Fe and Co dihalide complexes have been analyzed using the two-angle criterion ω. Substituent effects (less than 6 kcal/mol) and metal effects (mostly less than 6 kcal/mol) on structure distortion have been explored by density functional theory (DFT). The small energy barrier indicated easy distortion of the coordination geometries. The same strategy was also applied to the analysis of iron dialkyl complexes. There seems to be no direct correlation between structural preference and catalytic activity in olefin polymerization. Ligand parameters of DIP-type ligands, which intend to measure the σ-donor and π-acceptor ability, were developed using DFT calculation. The stabilization energy of the metal complexes was decomposed assuming a linear energy relationship. The results showed that the standard DIP ligand is both a strong σ-donor and a strong π-acceptor, and inferior only to the bis(carbene)pyridine ligand. A mild way to make (DIP)CoR using labile-ligand cobalt dialkyl precursors has been explored. A simple and easy way to synthesize (Py)2Co(CH2SiMe3)2 has been developed. This compound is stable at room temperature and can be further converted to (TMEDA)Co(CH2SiMe3)2 in high yield. The X-ray structure of the analogous (Py)2Co(CH2CMe2Ph)2 showed a structure similar to its iron analog. Application to DIP ligands indicates that the π-acceptor ability of the ligand determines whether cobalt(I) or cobalt(II) dialkyl will be obtained. However, steric protection is important in obtaining stable cobalt(I) alkyl complexes. Hydrogenolysis of LCoCH2SiMe3 (L: 2,6-[2,6-Me2C6H3N=C(CH3)]2C5H3N) generated LCo(N2) complex in the presence of dinitrogen. When reacted with organic halides, especially aryl chlorides, LCo(N2) broke the carbon-halogen bond through a binuclear oxidative addition mode to generate two cobalt(I) products. The radical mechanism proposed was supported by DFT studies. The resulting cobalt(I) aryl products can further react with activated alkyl halides to generate cross-coupled products, probably also through a radical mechanism. LCo(N2) can also be used to break the acyl carbon-oxygen bond of esters, although less efficiently.

Yes / The Bradford Innocence Project provides a university led, community supported initiative that deals with cases of wrongful conviction. The project provides students from a wide variety of academic disciplines the opportunity to research and subsequently run cases under the close supervision of academics and practitioners in the legal field.

The existence of complexes of that display non-innocence has been of interest in the field of coordination chemistry since the investigations of square-planar dithiolene complexes of the late transition metals in the 1960s. The ligands used in these systems are termed “non-innocent” when bound to a number of the late transition metals, because the orbital energy levels are similar to those of the central metal ion. This allows there to be significant electron delocalisation over the complex with the potential for the complexes to exist in a number of electronic states due to the combined electrochemical activity. In 1966, Jørgensen classified innocence as ligands that “allow oxidation states of the central atoms to be defined”, thus by this logic non-innocent ligands are defined as complexes where the precise oxidation states of the ligand and metal are ambiguously assigned. However it should be noted that no ligand is inherently non-innocent, but rather the ligand may behave in a non-innocent manner under the right circumstances. The qualification of non-innocence should therefore only be applied to combinations of metal and ligand that result in the aforementioned properties. In this thesis, the term “non-innocent” will be used to define ligands that often possess non-innocent behaviour when complexed to the metal centres they are bound to. A general form of ligand that displays non-innocent behaviour is that of the 1,2-bidentate moiety with an unsaturated carbon backbone. The chelating donor groups (X) are either O, NH, S, or a combination of the three. The central transition metal is generally a late metal that favours a square-planar geometry, because the planarity of the complex is crucial for electron delocalisation within the molecule and molecular interactions in the solid material. When the metal is nickel or platinum for example, their square-planar complexes with such ligands have shown threemembered electron-transfer series. Specific examples of ligands that have been shown to display non-innocent behaviour are those of catechol (1,2-dihydroxybenzene) and 1,2-diaminobenzene, where the unsaturated backbone is provided by a phenyl group. The electronic nature of these compounds has been extensively investigated by the groups of Pierpont and Lever, with focus on their redox and magnetic properties. The combined metal and ligand redox activity results in interesting magnetic behaviour, with potential for magnetic exchange interactions between a paramagnetic metal centre and the radical ligand or between two radical ligands mediated by a diamagnetic metal centre. This research has been advanced by Wieghardt and co-workers who have performed experimental and theoretical examination of non-innocent complexes of 1,2-substituted phenyl chelates, where the donor group is a combination of O and NH. These studies have focused on the understanding the nature of the metal-ligand interactions to apply to biological systems, such as those observed at the active site of enzymes that act upon molecules with similar moieties to the non-innocent ligands. Compounds of catechol may be referred to as dioxolenes in analogy to the sulfur-based dithiolenes. The deprotonated, dianionic form of catechol is known as catecholate (cat), which can be readily oxidised to the monoanionic o-semiquinone (SQ) and neutral o-benzoquinone (Q) forms. It has been seen that catecholate compounds can be described by localised electronic states with defined oxidation states, unlike many of the dithiolene class of molecules. However these states can exist in equilibrium with each other when the metal and ligand orbitals are close in energy, with differences in the charge and spin definition in what has been described as “valence tautomerism”. Therefore, although the complexes may not be seen as non-innocent by definition that their oxidation states are not ambiguous, it is still a useful description due to the potential for easily accessible charge states. Metal dithiolene complexes, where the metal is coordinated by one or more ligands with two S-donor atoms linked by a conjugated backbone, are one of the best researched of the non-innocent class of molecules. The square-planar bis-dithiolenes of the late transition metals have interesting magnetic, optical and electrical properties arising from the delocalised nature of the constituent metal and ligand orbitals, which has enabled their use for a wide range of applications such as non-linear optics, transistors and near-infrared switches. Of particular interest is the ability to fine tune the electrical properties to fit the application by changing the substituents on the core dithiolene moiety. For example, Anthopoulos has shown that by lowering the energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), stable n-channel conductivity can be observed in field-effect transistors (FETs). Materials based on square-planar non-innocent complexes have been tested in FETs, and been seen to display field-effect mobilities as high as 10˗2 cm2 V˗1 s˗1 as with Ni bis(o-diiminobenzo-semiquinonate) complexes. Most of these molecules are based on conjugated, chelating ligands such as 1,2-diaminobenzene and the dithiolene class of molecules. Field-effects have also been observed in square-planar Pt complexes, where the conductivity is thought to arise from beneficial Pt-Pt bonds in addition to the π-stacking between molecules. Despite the similarity to the diaminobenzene and dithiolene counterpart, there are no reports of catechol-based materials displaying field-effect properties in the literature. Catechol compounds are well-researched in the field of biological chemistry due to the prevalence of the catechol moiety and enzymes with which it interacts in nature. However they have not been examined far beyond their simple coordination chemistry or chemical characterisation.

As a popular culture subject, Taylor Swift is an example of a widely circulated image that adheres to the guidelines for “appropriate” girlhood, innocence, and feminine performance. The proliferation of Swift’s identity as a virginal, delicate girl makes Swift the successful pop music figure that can “save” the troubled young girl of today. This thesis grapples with Swift’s image as an artist and addresses the ways that she often stands in as the example for imagined “appropriate” femininity. Swift’s image relies on ideas about innocence and normativity that are directly linked to markers of whiteness without ever having to explicitly name it. Swift’s specific performance of normativity and the success she has achieved because of it is one example of how we can begin to complicate understandings of agency and where it can be located.