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In a series of five experiments I examined whether intention (as operationalized by task set) affects the processes involved in reading. The Task Set paradigm (Besner & Care, 2003) was used in all experiments. On each trial subjects were cued to perform one of two tasks on each trial, on half the trials the cue appeared before the target (750 SOA) and on the other half of trials the cue appeared at the same time as the target (0 SOA). In Experiment 1, nonword letter length and complexity did not interact with SOA when reading aloud. This suggests that target processing awaits the implementation of a task set. In Experiment 2 and 3, when only words were presented, word frequency and SOA interacted such that there was a smaller effect of word frequency at the 0 SOA relative to the 750 SOA. This suggests that lexical processing can go on in parallel with cue decoding. However, in Experiment 4, when words and nonwords were combined there was no interaction between word frequency and SOA. Participants appear to now wait to read the target word until the cue is processed, therefore reading aloud words can be affected by intention. Finally, in Experiment 5, when the task was to generate an antonym (instead of reading aloud), word frequency was additive with SOA. This suggests that at least some aspect of semantic processing (when generating an antonym) is delayed until cue processing is complete. These results, considered alongside results from the Psychological Refractory Period paradigm are taken to imply that sublexical processing uses both attention and intention. Critically, lexical and semantic processing may not require a form of attention, but they can be affected by intention. This runs contrary to the received view that reading aloud is automatic in the sense that it does not require intention, thus a radical change in how we think about the process of reading aloud is needed.

¡§Consumer fantasy¡¨ is defined as consumers consume something for the sake of getting closer to or fulfilling his/her fantasies. Researchers focused on discussing specific products or services with this topic, most of them applied qualitative methods to understand the contents of fantasies and its causers. Albeit behaviorists proved that fantasies induce positive feelings and the direction of individuals¡¦ fantasies would be caused by the contents fantasies per se, literally few empirical studies have addressed on such topics. Thus, this thesis served two experiments as the discussion basis. Different texts (fantastic and informational) are used as the dependent variable, service types (enjoyable and utility) as the moderator and its effects on positive emotions and willingness of purchase are discussed as well. The outcomes of this research indicate that in utility service (car rental service) industries, positive emotions bred were not enormous. Yet in enjoyable service (travelling services) industries, fantastic information caused significantly more positive emotion than informational information. In the second experiment, the study discussed the relation between how information was provided, positive emotion and purchasing willingness with individual fantasy tendency as the moderator. Results indicate that for low fantasy tendency consumers, texts caused the least positive emotions, close results are documented in picture only and picture with texts. For high fantasy tendency consumers, significant positive emotions are recorded in both picture only and texts only. Thus consumers with different fantasy tendency will respond differently to different forms of information. In addition, this study also proved the significant relation between fantasy caused positive emotions and purchase willingness. According to the results of this thesis, it is suggested that firms manipulate consumer fantasy via advertisements for the sake of promoting consumption. Meanwhile, firms should understand fantasy tendencies of customers in order to plan effective marketing strategies.

Univ. Aix-Marseille 3, Diss.--Aix-Marseille, 3, D.

Texte remanié de: Th. doct.--Droit privé--Le Mans, 2000. / Bibliogr. p. 669-721. Index.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, The Divinity School, August, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

This thesis is an examination of the role of artistic intentions in the interpretation of art. Chapter 1 is a survey of the recent theories of interpretation that attempts to establish the shortcomings of anti-intentionalism and hypothetical intentionalism while making a case for the superiority of the view I prefer, moderate actual intentionalism. Chapter 2, then, is concerned, almost exclusively, with the major point of difference among its advocates: namely, the criteria for successfully realizing an intention. Chapter 3 is concerned with a latent tension in the position itself. Resolving this tension involves rethinking the role of conventions and context and placing a greater emphasis on intentions themselves. / Graduate

In a series of five experiments I examined whether intention (as operationalized by task set) affects the processes involved in reading. The Task Set paradigm (Besner & Care, 2003) was used in all experiments. On each trial subjects were cued to perform one of two tasks on each trial, on half the trials the cue appeared before the target (750 SOA) and on the other half of trials the cue appeared at the same time as the target (0 SOA). In Experiment 1, nonword letter length and complexity did not interact with SOA when reading aloud. This suggests that target processing awaits the implementation of a task set. In Experiment 2 and 3, when only words were presented, word frequency and SOA interacted such that there was a smaller effect of word frequency at the 0 SOA relative to the 750 SOA. This suggests that lexical processing can go on in parallel with cue decoding. However, in Experiment 4, when words and nonwords were combined there was no interaction between word frequency and SOA. Participants appear to now wait to read the target word until the cue is processed, therefore reading aloud words can be affected by intention. Finally, in Experiment 5, when the task was to generate an antonym (instead of reading aloud), word frequency was additive with SOA. This suggests that at least some aspect of semantic processing (when generating an antonym) is delayed until cue processing is complete. These results, considered alongside results from the Psychological Refractory Period paradigm are taken to imply that sublexical processing uses both attention and intention. Critically, lexical and semantic processing may not require a form of attention, but they can be affected by intention. This runs contrary to the received view that reading aloud is automatic in the sense that it does not require intention, thus a radical change in how we think about the process of reading aloud is needed.

Thesis (doctoral)--Philipps Universität Marburg, 1930. / Lebenslauf. Includes bibliographical references (p. [i]-iv).

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Jena.