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Μια συσκευή για τη μέτρηση της πίεσης του αίματος ενός ασθενή, περιλαμβάνει έναν επεξεργαστή προσκολλημένο σε μια συσκευή εισόδου, ο οποίος δέχεται μια αρχική είσοδο, που αντιπροσωπεύει την απόλυτη πίεση του αίματος του ασθενή και ένα μη-επεμβατικό αισθητήρα, που ακουμπάει τον ασθενή για τη μέτρηση τουλάχιστον μιας ‘φυσιολογικής’ λειτουργίας. Ο επεξεργαστής εκτελεί μια διαδικασία για την εκτίμηση της αρχικής εισόδου και της ‘φυσιολογικής’ λειτουργίας, για να υπολογίσει την πίεση του αίματος του ασθενή. Μια μέθοδος για τον υπολογισμό της πίεσης του αίματος ενός ασθενή, περιλαμβάνει τα βήματα της αποθήκευσης της αρχικής εισόδου, που αντιπροσωπεύει την απόλυτη πίεση του αίματος του ασθενή, της μη-επεμβατικής ‘αίσθησης’ (μέσω αισθητήρα) τουλάχιστον μιας ‘φυσιολογικής’ λειτουργίας και της εκτίμησης των δύω τιμών για τον υπολογισμό της πίεσης του αίματος. Η παρούσα εργασία μπορεί επίσης να χρησιμοποιηθεί για την ανάλυση και τον εντοπισμό άλλων ‘φυσιολογικών’ μεταβλητών όπως της ενδοτικότητας των τοιχωμάτων των αγγείων, των αλλαγών στην ένταση των κοιλιακών συστολών, των αλλαγών στην αγγειακή αντίσταση, των αλλαγών στον όγκο των υγρών, των αλλαγών στον καρδιακό παλμό, της συσταλτικότητας του μυοκαρδίου και άλλων σχετικών παραγόντων. / This dissertation refers to a device for non-invasively measuring the blood pressure of a patient. Such a device consists of a processor attached to an input device, which receives an initial input value, representing the patient’s absolute pressure, and a non-invasive sensor attached to the patient for measuring at least one physiological function. For determining the patient’s blood pressure, the processor performs a process for evaluating the initial input and the physiological function of the sensor. A method for non-invasively measuring a patient’s blood pressure includes, firstly, storing the initial input (which represents the patient’s absolute pressure), secondly, non-invasively sensing at least one physiological function and, finally, evaluating both these inputs for measuring the patient’s blood pressure. This dissertation can also be used for the analysis of other physiological variables such as vascular wall compliance, changes in the strength of ventricular contractions, alterations in fluid volume or in cardiac output and other related factors.

Introduction: This study sought to investigate the effects of soft tissue on measurements of a spinal vibration response using skin-mounted accelerometers and a non-invasive contact tip. Methods: Vibration was applied to the spine of porcine and human cadavers. Measurements of the spinal vibration response were taken from needle, skin, and bone-mounted accelerometers. Several skin-mounted accelerometer placements dorsal to a spinous process were tested, and 6 different non-invasive contact tip shapes were used to explore sources of variance in the signals. Results: Vibration measured from skin-mounted accelerometers had altered signal patterns compared to bone-mounted accelerometers. The measured FRF was found to be sensitive to accelerometer positioning. No significant difference in skin-bone correlation was attributed to contact tip shape or vertebral level. Conclusion: The use of a non-invasive contact tip excites vibration in the soft tissues which overlay the spine, in addition to the vertebral column. This vibration interferes with skin sensor measurements of vertebral vibration response, with the effect diminishing as distance from the contact tip increases. Small changes in contact tip shape do not affect the correlation between skin and bone signals.

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Στην παρούσα διπλωματική παρουσιάζεται η εξομοίωση της μεθόδου για την μη επεμβατική μέτρηση της γλυκόζης στο αίμα. Η καρδιά της μεθόδου είναι ο μικροεπεξεργαστής της Texas Instruments Msp430f169, τον οποίο και προγραμματίσαμε σε γλώσσα C. Η φυσική αρχή λειτουργίας που στηριχθήκαμε είναι ο νόμος απορρόφησης του φωτός του Beer - Lambert. Το αναλογικό σήμα το μετατρέψαμε σε ψηφιακό με τη χρήση του ADC12 μετατροπέα, το οποίο είναι περιφερειακό στοιχείο του μικροεπεξεργαστή. / This thesis presents the simulation method for non-invasive measurement of blood glucose. The heart of this method is its microprocessor, Texas Instruments Msp430f169, which was programmed in language C. The physical principle of operation supported is the law of light absorption of the Beer - Lambert. The analog signal is converted to digital, using the ADC12 converter, which is a regional component of the microprocessor.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(情報学) / 甲第19126号 / 情博第572号 / 新制||情||100(附属図書館) / 32077 / 京都大学大学院情報学研究科システム科学専攻 / (主査)教授 石井 信, 教授 田中 利幸, 教授 加納 学 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Informatics / Kyoto University / DFAM

Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The monitoring of patients in healthcare is of prime importance to ensure their efficient treatment. The monitoring of blood oxygen saturation in tissues affected by diseases or conditions that may negatively affect the function is a field that has grown in importance in recent times. This study involved the development and testing of a highly sensitive noninvasive blood oxygen saturation device. The device can be used to continuously monitor the condition of tissue affected by diseases which affect the blood flow through the tissue, and the oxygen usage in tissue. The device’s system was designed to specifically monitor occluded tissue which has low oxygen saturations and low perfusion. With the use of the device, it is possible to monitor the status of tissue affected by diseases such as meningococcemia and diabetes mellitus or conditions such as the recovery after plastic surgery. The study delved into all aspects involved in the development of a non-invasive artificial pulse oximeter, including but not limited to that of a detailed device design, signals analysis, animal in-vivo and laboratory in-vitro system design for the calibration of the system as well as human clinical validation and testing procedures. All these aspects were compared to determine the relative accuracies of the different models. Through testing it was shown that it is possible to non-invasively measure the mixed oxygen saturation in occluded tissue. However, without accurate validation techniques and methods of obtaining both arterial and venous blood samples in occluded tissue the system could not be fully validated for determining both the arterial and venous oxygen saturations in the human invivo study. Although the system was unable to accurately measure specifically the venous oxygenation it was able to measure the mixed oxygen saturation. With further research it would be possible to validate the system for measuring both the arterial and venous oxygen saturations. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die monitering van pasiënte in gesondheidsorg is van uiterste belang om doeltreffende behandeling te verseker. Die monitering van bloedsuurstofversadiging in weefsels wat geaffekteer word deur siektes of toestande wat ’n negatiewe impak kan hê op die funksie daarvan is ’n gebied wat aansienlike groei getoon het in die onlangse verlede. Die studie het die ontwikkeling en toetsing van ’n hoogs sensitiewe nieindringende bloedsuurstofversadigingsensor ingesluit. Hierdie sensor kan gebruik word om deurentyd die toestand van weefsel te monitor wat geaffekteer word deur siektes wat bloedvloei deur weefsel affekteer sowel as die suurstofgebruik in die weefsel. Die stelsel is ontwerp om spesifiek die ingeslote weefsel wat lae suurstofversadiging en lae perfusie het, te monitor. Deur gebruik te maak van die toestel is dit moontlik om die toestand van die weefsel wat geaffekteer word deur siektes soos meningococcemia en diabetes mellitus of toestande soos die herstel na plastiese sjirurgie te monitor. Die studie het gekyk na alle aspekte wat betrokke is in die ontwikkeling van ’n nie-indringende kunsmatige pols-oksimeter, insluitend maar nie beperk tot gedetailleerde ontwerp nie, sein analise, dier in-vivo en laboratorium in-vitro stelselontwerp vir die kalibrasie van die stelsel sowel as menslike kliniese bekragtiging en toetsprosedures. Al hierdie aspekte is vergelyk om die relatiewe akkuraatheid van die verskillende modelle te bepaal. Die toetse het gewys dat dit moontlik is om nie-indringend die gemengde suurstofversadiging in weefsel te bepaal. Sonder akkurate bekragtigingstegnieke en metodes om beide arteriële en vene bloedmonsters te versamel in ingeslote weefsel kan die stesel nie ten volle bekragtig word om beide arteriële- en veneversadigings in menslike in-vivo studie te bepaal nie. Hoewel die stelsel nie ’n akkurate meting van die aarsuurstof kon kry nie, is daar wel ’n akkurate meting geneem van die gemengde suurstofversadiging. Toekomstige navorsing kan lei tot die bekragtiging van die stelsel om beide arteriële en slagaar suurstofversadigings te meet.

The inclusion of a new device in clinical practice requires an adequate validation. The original publication which introduced multichannel bioimpedance monitor MBM was focused on discribing its technical parameters and demonstration measurements. Further evaluation desires comparision with other standard measuring device. This thesis describes pulse wave measurement by MBM and by other medical devices used for establishing cardiovascular risk. It proposes the validation experiment with synchronized vascular ultrasonography as a reference method. The process of the experimental measurement, aquired data and following data analysis are described in detail. The outputs of the experiment are statistically evaluated. The MBM’s performance and design of the experiment are discussed.

Goal of my master´s thesis is examination of non-invasive blood glucose measurement methods, and designing of device for non-invasive blood glucose reading. The introductory chapter of thesis contains description of know different methods for blood glucose measurement, mainly Near Infra-Red region (NIR) measurement with spectroscopy methods. This project describes pathology of Diabetes Mellitus, specifies how it is divided, and looks also on human metabolism. The theoretical part contains exploration of blood glucose measurement methods. Thesis continues with system scheme design for non/invasive glucose measurement device, based on present knowledge. Major principle of device is measuring with Infra-Red laser, bifurcate optic fiber and photodiode. Design of printed circuit board is also present. Document contains also designs of software diagrams for calibration and processing program written in C# language. Communication between device and computer is made via USB. Microcontroller with C language program is part of designed device. It is used to send measured values into PC and also receives data from computer. This data determines blood glucose concentration and their thresholds.