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Development of new imaging tools for environmental microbiologyDumas, Eve-Marie January 2010 (has links)
Environmental microbiology is a field that has been explored for years using tools which are limited in their ability to adapt to the environment studied. The goal of this thesis is to develop new tools for in situ imaging of microorganisms. The first of these tools is a class of photoluminescent probes for fluorescence microscopy. Many microscopic dyes have been used with light microscopes to label microorganisms, but the protocol of each of these techniques limits either the type of organism targeted or the type of environment that can be studied. Most of these probes also only work for a short time due to photobleaching or degrade if stored. An emerging class of fluorophores in the field of cellular and microbiology is the quantum dot (QD), a semiconductor nanoparticle which has recently been made biocompatible. The use of QDs as bacterial probe I studied here, and characterized by studying the particles' interaction with and cytotoxicity to several test organisms, both Gram positive and Gram negative. We find that QDs are toxic to most bacteria due, among other things, to their production of reactive oxygen species. However, this affect varies from one strain to another, suggesting the existence of resistance mechanisms. Although QDs are more toxic to Gram negative strains, electron transfer and depolarisation does not seem to be the source of the toxicity. QDs have a promising future in microbiology as both labeling and anti-microbial agents. In the second part of the thesis, a new microscopic technology was explored for field use: live in-line holographic microscopy. A custom, laser-based holographic microscope was used in a Mars analogue site in order to determine whether it was capable of surviving the harsh conditions and of providing valid data. We experimented in automating the system by combining it with an amphibious robot which was shown to be able to pull the holographic microscope while the latter was recording. Overall, these findings / La microbiologie environnementale est une discipline qui a longtemps été explorée à l'aide d'outils qui sont limités par leur habileté à s'adapter à l'environnement. Le but de cette thèse est de développer de nouveaux outils pour l'imagerie de microorganismes in situ. Le premier de ces outils est une classe de sonde photolumineuse pour la microscopie fluorescente. Plusieurs teintures ont été utilisé avec des microscopes à lumière afin d'étiqueter des microorganismes, mais chacune de ces techniques est limitée par son protocole. Ces techniques peuvent soit seulement cibler certains types d'organismes, soit sont limitée au niveau de l'environnement étudié. De plus, La plupart de ces teintures sont blanchient par la lumière et ne peuvent être entreposée très longtemps. Les points quantiques (PQ), une nanoparticule semiconductrice qui est maintenant biocompatible, sont maintenant utilisés en microbiologie. J'ai explore ici, l'utilisation de PQs comme sonde bactérienne et les est caractérisée en étudiant leur interaction avec et la toxicité causée à plusieurs microorganismes. Nous avons démontré que la toxicité des PQs est causée, entre autre, par la libération d'espèces d'oxygène réactive. Cependant, l'effet observé varie selon la souche, suggérant l'existence d'un procédé de résistance aux PQs. Nous avons conclus que malgré le fait que les bactéries Gram négatives sont plus affectée par les particules que les Gram positives, le transfère d'électron et la dépolarisation ne sont pas en cause. Les PQs ont un futur prometteur en microbiologie entant que sonde et agent antimicrobien. Dans la seconde partie de cette thèse, l'utilisation d'une nouvelle technologie microscopique sur le terrain a été explorée. Un microscope holographique au laser modifié a été utilisé sur un site analogue à la planète Mars afin de s'assurer que l'instrument pouvait subir ces conditions extrêmes sans dommage et pouvait
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Function and regulation of histone deacetylase 4Li, Cathy Shije, 1974- January 2006 (has links)
Histone acetyltransferases and histone deacetylases (HDACs) maintain dynamic acetylation and deacetylation of histories and other proteins in vivo, and are actively involved in the control of gene transcription and other nuclear processes. One mechanism by which functions of these enzymes are regulated operates through differential intracellular compartmentalization. HDAC4, -5, -7 and -9, the four members of class IIa, shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm in a manner dependent on specific phosphorylation stimulated by several known kinases, and these deacetylases possess intrinsic nuclear import and export signals for dynamic nucleocytoplasmic trafficking. The ability to change their intracellular localization implies that class IIa HDACs have some potential functions in different subcellular compartments. To gain additional insights into this, I first focused on studying the function and regulation of HDAC4. As a result, I identified protein kinase D3 as a novel kinase for HDAC4 and found that this kinase physically interacts with HDAC4 and stimulates its nuclear export. Then I tried to purify protein complexes of RFXANK and ANKRA2, two homologous ankyrin-repeat proteins that are known to associate with HDCA4, using the tandem affinity purification (TAP) strategy. The results that I have obtained reveal a novel mechanism for regulating the nuclear export of HDAC4 and suggest that its cytoplasmic localization may also be indicative of potential cytoplasmic functions rather than just for simple sequestration from its nuclear targets.
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Applications of deformable image registration: automatic segmentation and adaptive radiation therapyMorcos, Marc January 2012 (has links)
The contents of this thesis are best divided into two components: (i) evaluation of atlas-based segmentation and deformable contour propagation and (ii) adaptive radiation therapy using deformable electron density mapping. The first component of this thesis involves the evaluation of two commercial deformable registration systems with respect to automatic segmentation techniques. Overall, the techniques revealed that manual modifications would be required if the structures were to be used for treatment planning. The automatic segmentation methods utilized by both commercial products serve as an excellent starting point for contouring process and also reduce inter- and intra-physician variability when contouring. In the second component, we developed a framework for dose accumulation adaptive radiation therapy. By registering the planning computed tomography (CT) images to the weekly cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images, we were able to produce modified CBCT images which possessed CT Hounsfield units; this was achieved by using deformable image registration. Dose distributions were recalculated onto the modified CBCT images and then compared to the planned dose distributions. Results indicated that deformable electron density mapping is a feasible technique to allow dose distributions to be recalculated on pre-treatment CBCT scans. / Le contenu de cette thèse est divisé en deux partis: (i) l'evaluation de la segmentation automatique basée sur des atlas anatomiques numériques et la propagation des structures déformables et (ii) la radiothérapie adaptative déformable utilisant la cartographie de la densité électronique. Le premier élément de cette thèse comprend l'evaluation de deux logiciels commerciaux par rapport aux techniques de segmentation automatique. Globalement, l'evaluation des techniques a démontré que des modifications manuelles seraient nécessaires si les contours créés par les logiciels devaient être utilisées cliniquement. Les méthodes de segmentation automatique utilisées par les deux produits commerciaux peuvent servir d'excellent point de départ pour le processus de contournage et aussi permettent de réduire la variabilité inter- et intra-médecin lors du contournage.Dans la deuxième parti, nous avons développé un processus pour l'accumulation de dose en radiothérapie adaptative. En enregistrant les images de planification de la tomodensitométrie (TDM) aux images de tomodensitométrie conique (TDMC), nous avons été en mesure de produire des images modifiées TDMC qui possédait des unités Hounsfield TDM en passant par l'enregistrement déformable des images utilisées. Les distributions de dose ont été recalculées sur les images de TDMC modifiées et ensuite comparées à la distribution de dose prévue. Les résultats indiquent que la cartographie déformable de la densité d'électronique est une technique adéquate pour permettre de recalculer les distributions de dose sur les images de TDMC.
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Cerebral blood volume changes during human neuronal activation: a comparative study of VASO and VERVECohalan, Claire January 2009 (has links)
In this research, two techniques which measure hemodynamic changes during neuronal activation in humans were studied. The Vascular Space Occupancy (VASO) technique indirectly measures changes in total cerebral blood volume (CBV) by measuring the decrease in grey matter signal during activation, in images in which the blood signal is nulled. The Venous Refocusing for Volume Estimation (VERVE) technique measures changes in venous blood volume by exploiting the dependence of partially-deoxygenated blood's T2¬ on the refocusing interval τ180. Using a simultaneous visual and motor task, a (ΔCBV/CBVrest)total of 25.0 ± 13.9 % and a (ΔCBV/CBVrest)¬venous of 3.9 ± 1.6 % were measured using VASO and VERVE, respectively. Though the VASO technique has a high CNR and is simple to implement, its signal has contributions from many compartments other than grey matter. VERVE has fewer deleterious effects, but suffers from a higher power deposition. The activated regions in VERVE overlap better with BOLD activation than the VASO regions do, which, combined with VERVE's specificity to venous CBV changes, make it more appropriate in an investigation of the blood volume contribution to the BOLD signal. / Deux techniques visant à mesurer les changements de volume sanguin cérébral durant l'activité neuronale sont étudiées. La première, Vascular Space Occupancy (VASO), mesure l'augmentation de l'ensemble du sang en mesurant la baisse du signal provenant de la matière grise, dans une image où la magnétisation du sang est nulle. La deuxième, Venous Refocusing for Volume Estimation (VERVE), mesure en particulier l'augmentation du volume sanguin veineux en exploitant la dépendance du T2 du sang partiellement deoxygéné sur l'intervalle de refocalisation τ180. Avec une tâche à la fois motrice et visuelle, un (ΔCBV/CBVrepos)totale de 25,0 ± 13,9 % et un (ΔCBV/CBVrepos)¬veineux de 3,9 ± 1,6 % ont été mesurés par VASO et VERVE, respectivement. La méthode VASO est facile à instrumenter, et jouit d'un ratio contraste-bruit plus élevé que VERVE, mais plusieurs compartiments autres que la matière grise contribuent à son signal. Moins d'effets gênants contribuent au signal de VERVE, mais celui-ci souffre d'un taux de puissance déposé élevé, parfois atteignant les limites imposées par la Commission Fédérale des Communications. Le volume activé de VERVE correspond mieux que le volume activé de VASO au volume activé de BOLD. Ce fait, et celui que VERVE mesure spécifiquement le volume veineux, prônent l'utilisation de cette technique dans une analyse de la contribution du volume sanguin au signal BOLD.
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Commissioning of a GafChromic EBT film dosimetry protocol at the Ionizing Radiation Standards group of the National Research CouncilXu, Ling Bin January 2009 (has links)
A GafChromic EBT film dosimetry protocol was established at the Ionizing Radiation Standards group of National Research Council. After a literature view, several aspects of EBT film dosimetry were investigated. The energy and radiation modality independence of EBT film was confirmed at the 2 % level. A calibration curve was established using a 32 point calibration curve described by a four-parameter polynomial. The darkening of EBT film is found to be significant after the first 24 hours, and up to 5 % darkening was observed over three months, which rules out the use of EBT film as an audit dosimeter. We confirmed the need for scanner uniformity correction and devised a single equation correction technique. The film homogeneity was found to be the dominant factor in dose measurement uncertainty. After establishing the film dosimetry protocol, the EBT film was used as a two-dimensional dosimeter in Monte Carlo benchmarking experiments. / Un protocol dosimétrie utilisant du film Gafchromic EBT a été établi d'en le groupe des Étalons de rayonnements ionisants du Conseil national de recherches. Après une vue de la littérature, plusieurs aspects de la dosimétrie du film EBT ont été étudiés. L'indépendance de l'énergie et le tipe de rayonnement du film EBT a été confirmé avec une precision de 2%. Une courbe d'étalonnage a été établie en utilisant une courbe d'étalonnage de 32 point décrite par un polynôme a quatre paramètres. Le noircissement du film EBT a ete jugée significative après les premières 24 heures, et jusqu'à 5% a été observé au cours d'assombrissement de trios mois, ce qui exclut l'utilisation du film EBT comme un dosimètre audit. Nous avons confirmé la nécessité de faire un correction pour l'uniformité du scanner et concu une seule equation pour la correction. L'homogénéité du film a été le facteur dominant dans l'incertitude de la mesure du dose. Après avoir établi le protocole du film, le film EBT a été utilisé comme un dosimètre à deux dimensions pour des experiences de confirmation des techniques Monte Carlo.
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Mechanism of NANOGP8 in Glioblastoma MultiformeSmith, Jonhoi 01 January 2019 (has links)
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an incurable brain tumor, with patients only expecting to live 15 to 16 months post-diagnosis with the most current treatments options including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. How GBM resist treatment is still not very well known. However, cancer stem cells (CSCs), a subset of cells in GBM tissue considered responsible for therapeutic resistance and the poor patient prognosis. NANOG, a homeobox gene, is responsible for maintaining pluripotency of embryonic stem cells and is observed in CSCs. NANOGP8, a retrogene in the NANOG family is expressed in CSCs and provides cells with stem-like characteristics previously observed in stem cells. Thus, we hypothesize that NANOGP8 is not only useful as diagnostic and/or prognostic marker, but a target to improve the efficacy of current GBM treatments since it regulates signaling pathways responsible for cell proliferation. I will investigate the mechanisms in which NANOGP8 expression starts in CSCs and increase TMZ efficacy by silencing embryonic stem cell genes in Glioblastoma. As a retrogene, NANOGP8 derive from reverse transcription of the parent gene NANOG and lacks the promoters for expression in cells. We expect to detect some modifications to the upstream sequence of NANOGP8 that may serve as initiators of expression, such as an insertion of a promotor. Although NANOGP8 has similar function to original NANOG parent gene, NANOGP8 may also have additional oncogenic functions making CSCs more resistant to therapy.
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Exploring the career motivation of health professionals impact of experience with an ill or handicapped sibling /Mishel, Leslie A. January 2004 (has links) (PDF)
Dissertation (Ph.D.) -- The Institute for Clinical Social Work, 2004. / A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the Institute of Clinical Social Work in partial fulfillment for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
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Gender differences in health service utilization among Hong Kong adults /Cheng, P. Y., Rachel. January 2007 (has links)
Thesis (M. P. H.)--University of Hong Kong, 2007.
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An evaluation of the Hospital Authority public private interface : electronic patient record (PPI-ePR)sharing /Sze, Hang-chi, Candice. January 2007 (has links)
Thesis (M. P. H.)--University of Hong Kong, 2007.
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Development of a model medical illustration curriculum from a competency-based perspectivePecoraro, Andrew Frederick, January 1900 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2007. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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