In the stochastic hydrology literature, suitable time series modelling approaches have been developed for modelling daily streamflow. However, problems arise with this approach if changes are occurring to the precipitation regime generating the historic streamflow data, or if land-use changes are occurring within the catchment which may alter the water balance and the streamflow regime. Traditional time series modelling approaches employ historic streamflow data only and will generate synthetic data which are representative only of the historic conditions. It is not possible to predict how the model parameters should be changed to reflect changes in the climate (precipitation) and catchment response regimes. Developing a methodology to deal with the stochastic generation of daily streamflow that reflects changes to the catchment system and climatic inputs (rainfall and potential evapotranspiration) and then applying the corresponding methodology to a study catchment (upper Thames) in England is the focus of this study. To study the water resources impacts of land-use change on the daily streamflow regime of a catchment, a daily rainfall-runoff model is needed which can accommodate various land cover characteristics and provide separate estimates of potential and actual evapotranspiration in its evapotranspiration component for each land cover type. Given a model with this capability, the impacts of various land-use scenarios on daily streamflow can be investigated. In the case of climate change, since GCMs do not provide useable results on a short time scale such as a day and on a spatial scale such as a catchment of about 1000 km2, a methodology is required to predict the changes which may occur in the climate inputs of a catchment, and the resulting impacts on water resources. The approach developed here for water resources impact studies of land-use change and climate change has three main elements: (I) Two stochastic models, one for rainfall (Neyman-Scott Rectangular Pulses, NSRP, model) and the other for potential evapotranspiration (PET), are employed to generate daily rainfall and daily PET sequencesr,e spectively. Thesem odels have been validated using historic records for the study catchment. ABSTRACT ii (II) The ARNO model has been calibrated and validated using daily streamflow data for the study catchment. The evapotranspiration component of the model has been modified to obtain a satisfactory water balance. The model is then extended to include the explicit calculation of interception for different land cover types within the catchment. The runoff from these areas is then routed to the catchment outlet. The rainfall and PET models are used to generate synthetic daily input series to the modified ARNO model for present catchment land-use conditions, and overall procedure is validated using the historic streamflow record. This is then worked out using the extended model and referred to as the constructed` control' scenariow hich is used as a benchmarkf or assessingla nd-usec hange impacts on water resources for two different land-use scenarios. (III) The transient GCM climate scenarios are used as the starting point for assessing climate change impacts. Regression relationships are derived between atmospheric circulation variables and rainfall statistics used in fitting the NSRP model for present climate conditions and then used to predict the rainfall statistics for future conditions using GCM outputs. That is, the scenarios of a climate model are downscaled by a regression technique to a resolution sufficient to represent daily rainfall at the catchment scale. To generate potential evapotranspiration (PET) scenarios, an empirical equation is used to estimate PET daily values as a function of temperature, thus enabling future scenarios to be generated as a function of GCM temperature predictions. Generated rainfall and PET scenarios are used as inputs to the adapted ARNO catchment response model to generate daily streamflow data. Impact assessments using both land-use change and climate change scenarios are then carried out using a range of water resources assessment measures such as flow duration curves, cumulative run sums and storage/yield relationships, and the practical implications discussed.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--McMaster University, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available via World Wide Web.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Drylands cover 40% of the earth’s terrestrial surface supporting over 2 billion people, the majority of whom reside in developing nations characterised by high population growth rates. This imposes pressure on the already limited water resources and in some dryland regions such as southern Africa, the origins and dynamics of rainfall are not well understood. Research has also tended to focus on factors limiting (e.g., rainfall) than sustaining productivity in drylands. However, non-rainfall water (NRW) e.g., fog and dew can supplement and/or exceed rainfall in these environments and could potentially be exploited as potable water resources. Much remains unknown in terms of NRW formation mechanisms, origins, evolution, potability and potential impact of global climate change on these NRW dependent ecosystems. Using Namibia as a proxy for drylands and developing nations, this dissertation applies stable isotopes of water (δ2H, δ18O, δ17O and d-excess), cokriging and trajectory analysis methods to understand ecohydrological processes. Results suggest that locally generated NRW may be a regular occurrence even in coastal areas such as the Namib Desert, and that what may appear as a single fog event may consist of different fog types co-occurring. These results are important because NRW responses to global climate change is dependent on the source, groundwater vs. ocean, and being able to distinguish the two will allow for more accurate modelling. I also demonstrate, that fog and dew formation are controlled by different fractionation processes, paving the way for plant water use strategy studies and modelling responses to global climate change. The study also suggests that current NRW harvesting technologies could be improved and that the potability of this water could raise some public health concerns related to trace metal and biological contamination. At the same time, the dissertation concludes that global precipitation isoscapes do not capture local isotope variations in Namibia, suggesting caution when applied to drylands and developing nations. Finally, the dissertation also reports for the first time, δ17O precipitation results for Namibia, novel isotope methods to differentiate synoptic from local droughts and suggests non-negligible moisture contributions from the Atlantic Ocean due to a possible sub-tropical Atlantic Ocean dipole.

O presente trabalho envolveu o projeto e construção de um amostrador seqüencial automático de chuva considerando a deposição úmida. Para isso, o amostrador seqüencial fornece um volume escolhido em função de análises químicas previamente estabelecidas. O amostrador seqüencial faz a coleta da deposição úmida, que é a chuva precipitada sobre um coletor inicialmente tampado. Este procedimento adotado é de fundamental importância para a avaliação das condições de poluição presentes na atmosfera. Através deste amostrador seqüencial, também é possível determinar a intensidade da chuva para o evento considerado, ou seja, é possível avaliar se a chuva precipitada é forte ou fraca. O planejamento do amostrador seqüencial automático de chuva foi baseado em diversos amostradores encontrados na literatura, os quais visavam o monitoramento para diferentes objetivos. O processo de desenvolvimento e construção foi bem sucedido, uma vez que todas as fases foram executadas de modo que o processo de coleta das amostras ocorreu com sucesso. Foram coletados alguns ventos de chuva possibilitando estimar as respectivas intensidades pluviométricas, ou seja, avaliar para o campo considerado qual foi o tipo de chuva, se foi forte ou fraca. Para uma coleta específica, o amostrador foi exposto a um evento de chuva muito intenso, funcionando conforme o esperado. Os registros foram 290 ml de volume de amostra, coletados em uma área de 1230 cm2, em um tempo de 1,12 min apresentando intensidade de 2,1 mm/min. Esse resultado indica um valor muito alto de intensidade. / The present work involved the design and construction of an automatic sequential rainfall sampler, with the goal of evaluating the quality of rainfall water. For such, the sequential sampler supplies a chosen volume taking into account the chemical analysis previously defined. The sequential sampler performs the collection of humid deposition, which is the precipitated rain that falls on a collector initially covered. This adopted procedure is of fundamental importance for the evaluation of the pollution conditions present in the atmosphere. Through this sequential sampler, it is also possible to define the rainfall intensity for the event considered, i.e., it is possible to evaluate if the precipitated rain is heavy or light. The planning of the automatic sequential rainfall sampler was based on several samplers found in the literature, which \'aimed the monitoring due to different goals. The design and construction processes were successful, once all the phases were performed and the sample collection process occurred with success. Some events were collected and their respective pluviometric intensities were measured, i.e., evaluate for the considered time which was the rain type, if it was heavy or light. For a specific collection the sampler was exposed to a very intense event of rain, working as expected. The records were 290 of sample volume, collected in an area of 1230 cm2 during a period of 1.12 min, with intensity of 2.1 mm/min. This result indicate a value of very high intensity.

O presente trabalho envolveu o projeto e construção de um amostrador seqüencial automático de chuva considerando a deposição úmida. Para isso, o amostrador seqüencial fornece um volume escolhido em função de análises químicas previamente estabelecidas. O amostrador seqüencial faz a coleta da deposição úmida, que é a chuva precipitada sobre um coletor inicialmente tampado. Este procedimento adotado é de fundamental importância para a avaliação das condições de poluição presentes na atmosfera. Através deste amostrador seqüencial, também é possível determinar a intensidade da chuva para o evento considerado, ou seja, é possível avaliar se a chuva precipitada é forte ou fraca. O planejamento do amostrador seqüencial automático de chuva foi baseado em diversos amostradores encontrados na literatura, os quais visavam o monitoramento para diferentes objetivos. O processo de desenvolvimento e construção foi bem sucedido, uma vez que todas as fases foram executadas de modo que o processo de coleta das amostras ocorreu com sucesso. Foram coletados alguns ventos de chuva possibilitando estimar as respectivas intensidades pluviométricas, ou seja, avaliar para o campo considerado qual foi o tipo de chuva, se foi forte ou fraca. Para uma coleta específica, o amostrador foi exposto a um evento de chuva muito intenso, funcionando conforme o esperado. Os registros foram 290 ml de volume de amostra, coletados em uma área de 1230 cm2, em um tempo de 1,12 min apresentando intensidade de 2,1 mm/min. Esse resultado indica um valor muito alto de intensidade. / The present work involved the design and construction of an automatic sequential rainfall sampler, with the goal of evaluating the quality of rainfall water. For such, the sequential sampler supplies a chosen volume taking into account the chemical analysis previously defined. The sequential sampler performs the collection of humid deposition, which is the precipitated rain that falls on a collector initially covered. This adopted procedure is of fundamental importance for the evaluation of the pollution conditions present in the atmosphere. Through this sequential sampler, it is also possible to define the rainfall intensity for the event considered, i.e., it is possible to evaluate if the precipitated rain is heavy or light. The planning of the automatic sequential rainfall sampler was based on several samplers found in the literature, which \'aimed the monitoring due to different goals. The design and construction processes were successful, once all the phases were performed and the sample collection process occurred with success. Some events were collected and their respective pluviometric intensities were measured, i.e., evaluate for the considered time which was the rain type, if it was heavy or light. For a specific collection the sampler was exposed to a very intense event of rain, working as expected. The records were 290 of sample volume, collected in an area of 1230 cm2 during a period of 1.12 min, with intensity of 2.1 mm/min. This result indicate a value of very high intensity.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of North Carolina at Wilmington, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves : [56]-59).

Thesis (M.S.)----University of North Carolina Wilmington, 2008. / Title from PDF title page (viewed May 26, 2009) Includes bibliographical references (p. 61)

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Non-rainfall waters such as fog and dew are considered as important source of water in drylands, and the knowledge of possible sources of its formation is very important to make future predictions. Prior studies have suggested the presence of radiation fog in drylands; however, its formation mechanism still remains unclear. There have been earlier studies on the effects of fog on soil moisture dynamics and groundwater recharge. On the contrary, no research has yet been conducted to understand the contribution of soil moisture and groundwater to fog formation. This study, therefore, for the first time intends to examine such possibility in a fog-dominated dryland ecosystem, the Namib Desert. The study was conducted at three sites representing two different land forms (sand dunes and gravel plains) in the Namib Desert. This thesis is divided into two parts: the first part examines evidences of fog formation through water vapor movement using field observations, and the second part simulates water vapor transport using HYDRUS-1D model. In the first part of the study, soil moisture, soil temperature and air temperature data were analyzed, and the relationships between these variables were taken as one of the key indicators for the linkage between soil water and fog formation. The analysis showed that increase in soil moisture generally corresponds to similar increase in air or soil temperature near the soil surface, which implied that variation in soil moisture might be the result of water vapor movement (evaporated soil moisture or groundwater) from lower depths to the soil surface. In the second part of the study, surface fluxes of water vapor were simulated using the HYDRUS-1D model to explore whether the available surface flux was sufficient to support fog formation. The actual surface flux and cumulative evaporation obtained from the model showed positive surface fluxes of water vapor. Based on the field observations and the HYDRUS-1D model results, it can be concluded that water vapor from soil layers and groundwater is transported through the vadose zone to the surface and this water vapor likely contributes to the formation of non-rainfall waters in fog-dominated drylands, like the Namib Desert.

The diploma thesis is focused on sanitation installation in the hotel. The theoretical part deals with the possibilities of rain water treatment, especially swallowing equipment. The calculation and design part solves the sewage system and water supply in the given building.