This assessment reviewed 79 legal documents related to forest land tenure that include: 1 Constitution; 8 Laws; 1 Resolution; 20 Decrees; 30 Circulars, 18 Decisions and 1 Directive. The objective of this paper was to assess the forest tenure rights in the system of Vietnam forest tenure policies. The main research method was based on the assessment framework Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Forests and Fisheries (VGGT). The results of 2 theme groups (i-Legal recognition and respect of rights; ii-Legal allocation and transfer of tenure rights and duties), corresponding to the seven criteria showed that its marks were at from 1 to 3 (the system of forest tenure policies in Vietnam has attained “slightly addressed” to “mostly addressed” (mark 3). However, it has not yet gained the levels of “fully addressed” (mark 4) for all aspects of forest tenure rights. / Báo cáo này đã rà soát phần lớn các chính sách hiện hành quan trọng của hưởng dụng rừng với tổng số 79 văn bản, gồm: 1 Hiến pháp; 8 Luật; 1 Nghị quyết; 20 Nghị định; 30 Thông tư; 18 Quyết định và 1 Chỉ thị. Mục tiêu của bài viết này là đánh giá các quyền hưởng dụng rừng trong hệ thống các chính sách hưởng dụng rừng ở Việt Nam. Phương pháp nghiên cứu chính được dựa trên khung đánh giá của Hướng dẫn tự nguyện về Quản trị chịu trách nhiệm của hưởng dụng đất, lâm nghiệp và thủy sản (VGGT). Kết quả nghiên cứu 2 nhóm chủ đề (i-Sự ghi nhận và tôn trọng các quyền; ii-Tính pháp lý của việc giao và chuyển nhượng quyền hưởng dụng và các nghĩa vụ), tương ứng với 7 tiêu chí đều cho thấy mới đạt mức điểm từ 1 – 3 (tức là hệ thống chính sách hưởng dụng rừng hiện hành ở Việt Nam đã có những nội dung “giải quyết một phần” đến “giải quyết phần lớn” (điểm 3), tuy nhiên chưa có được mức độ “giải quyết đầy đủ” các khía cạnh về quyền hưởng dụng rừng (điểm 4).

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Land reforms, with the majority bordering on full scale revision of tenure rules have become a recurrent theme in the agenda of most African states since attaining political independence. For southern Africa, and a number of former colonies where the white settler populations acting in concert with the colonial administrations dispossessed the majority of the native populations of their land, the reforms have taken the form of restitution and redistribution of land. Unlike these types of reforms in southern African and because the Bechuanaland Protectorate was not a settler colony, Botswana has framed its land tenure and land use reforms with an eye on the problems associated with common property management. My dissertation evaluates the effects of Botswana's land reforms on social transformations in Kweneng District by carefully investigating their impacts on households' livelihood strategies, kinship ties, and social balance of power on one hand, and the implications of these transformations for urbanization on the other.While acknowledging the good intentions of the government as encapsulated in the objectives of the reform policies, it is my contention that several areas which were never taken into account during the formulation of these policies have been adversely impacted. Unfortunately, the unintended consequences have overshadowed the targeted ends of the reforms. These results are visible in the contemporary family and kinship structure, the chieftaincy institution, livelihood systems in livestock and arable agriculture, administration of justice, and the phenomenon of urbanization.

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The primary purpose of this study is to review the actions of the Texas State Teacher's Association as an organization in support of the needs of Texas teachers for adequate tenure and retirement, and to evaluate their effectiveness in securing these needs.

The goals of this exploratory study were to: (a) compare counselor educators’ ideal ratings of importance with their perceptions of the institutions’ importance ratings on tasks related to scholarship, teaching, service, and supervision and (b) expand the understanding of the importance that counselor education faculty members assign to those same tasks. Group differences based on characteristics of gender, ethnicity, tenure status, program type, type of institution, and type of college or university in ideal importance ratings for scholarship, teaching, service and supervision tasks were also examined in this study. Participants in this study were counselor education faculty members working in CACREP-accredited counseling graduate programs (N=169). All participants completed the Counselor Education Task Importance Instrument (CETII) that was designed for this study to assess participant's ideal and perceived institutional importance of tasks related to scholarship, teaching, service, and supervision. Paired ttests on all CETII items resulted in statistically significant differences between participants’ ideal importance ratings and their perceived institutional importance ratings in scholarship, teaching, service, and supervision tasks. Multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVA) resulted in statistically significant differences for participants’ ideal importance ratings for variables gender, type of program, type of institution, and type of college or university. Results for the MANOVA demonstrated nonsignificant statistical differences between ideal ratings for variations in the ethnicity and tenure status of participants. Faculty members in counselor education can use the findings from this study to establish priorities for their work in higher education and advocate for a professional counseling identity that is distinct from other disciplines in the social sciences. Administrators in higher education who have responsibility for establishing and maintaining tenure and promotion criteria for counselor education can utilize the same findings to create benchmarks that encourage equity for the advancement of counseling faculty members. Results from comparing ideal and perceived institutional importance ratings suggest that counselor educators have conflicting priorities for their professional counseling and their academic careers. Future research can compare actual institutional ratings to participants' ideal and perceived institutional ratings on the CETII in order to clarify counselor educators' multiple identities as practitioner, researcher, and educator.

Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 1982. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH / Bibliography: leaves 56-60. / by Toye Helena Brewer. / M.C.P.

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This research examines the interrelationships between customary and statutory tenure systems in Swaziland, in relation to urban development. It also focuses on the assumptions, aspirations and practices of modern and traditional authorities in relation to the processes of urban development. The Swaziland Urban Development Project (SUDP) initiated in the late 1980's, to upgrade informal settlements of Swaziland's cities, is used to examine the extent to which these land tenure interrelationships impact on the residents and the upgrading of informal settlements. Implementation of the SUDP (insitu upgrading) in Manzini, only took place in 2007 – a decade after the original planned commencement date. This was because the traditional leaders of the informal settlements of Moneni area (an area where the project would be piloted), did not accept the project. Since the Government and the Municipal Council of Manzini did not want to use force (Municipal Council of Manzini, 2004) it entered into further negotiations. This study investigates why the project was not accepted, examines the role of the traditional leaders in the non-acceptance of the project and the changes in attitudes towards the project in 2007. In the process, it explores the diverse responses to the SUDP and the processes of negotiation between the traditional and urban authorities, demonstrating how both authorities fought for retention of their authority over the area and also for their own vision of 'development'. Such contestation resulted in protracted discussions on the part of the urban authorities, whilst the issue of authority remains inconclusive. To investigate the impact of these interactions on the residents of the informal settlements, the study interrogates the assumptions of the development planners (project officials from Ministry of Housing and Urban Development (MHUD), City Councils and the World Bank) with regard to the benefits of the project. The different understandings of development priorities, different assumptions about the outcomes of the SUDP and the complex interactions that occur between formal and traditional structures have undermined efforts to improve living conditions of the urban residents. This study demonstrates that these assumptions of policy-makers and planners and their aspirations are colonially inherent and based on western thinking about modernisation. The implementation of grandiose plans and the making of a beautiful city are pursued, whilst residents lament that from their perspective there is ‘no development'. In addition, the study takes cognisance of social differentiation - separately examining how women in the project area were affected by the project. This study therefore demonstrates that the main challenge underlying the process of improving the living conditions of informal settlements' residents is the existence of different urban land tenure systems, managed by various authorities namely; urban authorities (government, municipalities) and traditional authorities, both asserting their legitimacy over the areas.