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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Optimizing grape cluster exposure to increase desirable aroma compounds  and decrease disease severity

Liggieri, Silvia 07 February 2019 (has links)
By increasing fruit exposure to sunlight and influencing fruit development, leaf thinning in the fruit zone can improve grape quality and lower disease incidence; however, further investigations on the timing, varietal response and intensity are needed to optimize results and to better understand underlying physiologic responses. Fruit zone leaf thinning was applied at different timing and intensities to evaluate its effect on cluster health and fruit composition in Cabernet Sauvignon and Chardonnay. Treatments consisted of control (C), pre-bloom leaf thinning (PB) and two levels of fruit-set leaf thinning (three leaves, PF3 and six leaves, PF6). In an additional project on Cabernet Sauvignon, two levels of hedging (17th node, NH and 12th node, H) were integrated with no leaf thinning (L) and fruit set leaf thinning (LR, three leaves). All leaf thinning treatments consistently reduced disease incidence compared to control vines in both varieties, with the reduction extent varying between 2017 and 2018. Yield was not negatively affected by leaf thinning treatments, even though PB reduced cluster compactness by decreasing the number of berries per cluster of Chardonnay in 2017. Control vines tended to have greater titratable acidity than defoliated vines, while Brix and pH responses varied between seasons. No direct positive correlation was found between sunlight exposure and norisoprenoids concentration. Post fruit set leaf thinning PF6 consistently increase free norisoprenoids at harvest, while pre-bloom defoliation never did. Heterogeneous responses were observed for bound and total norisoprenoids. In Cabernet Sauvignon free, bound and total 1,1,6-trimethyl-1,2-dihydronaphtalene (TDN) was consistently increased by PF3. Hedging negatively influenced Brix and anthocyanins accumulation in 2017, and increased free norisoprenoids while decreasing the bound and total fraction. Results revealed that a high level of stress possiblt caused by excess sunlight and/or reduced photosynthesis might negatively affect norisoprenoids glycosylation. / Master of Science in Life Science / This project evaluates the effect of a grapevine canopy management practice on grape quality. The objective was to find a suitable technique to expose the fruits to sunlight in order to increase grape aroma concentration and improve grape sanitary status of Virginia vineyards. Leaves were removed from the fruit zone with different intensities at two grape developmental stages, in two varieties (Chardonnay and Cabernet Sauvignon). Treatments consisted of control, three leaves removed before blooming (PB) and three or six leaves removed after fruit set (PF3 and PF6 respectively) In an additional project with Cabernet Sauvignon, the effect of canopy height was integrated with the fruit zone defoliation. Results showed that the removal of leaves from the fruit zone is effective in improving grape sanitary status at harvest, with the improvement extent depending on the season climatic conditions and on the amount of leaves removed. Crop yield was not negatively affected by treatments. Non defoliated grapes tended to have greater acidity at harvest, while sugar responses were inconsistent. Aroma compounds responded heterogeneously to fruit zone defoliation, but volatile odorants were consistently greatest in the most exposed grapes (PF6) compared to all other treatments at harvest. Pre-bloom defoliation instead, never increased volatile aroma compounds compared to control at harvest. Generally, non-volatile odorants were greater in less severely defoliated vines or control. An overall positive effect was observed with PF3. Canopy height was demonstrated to be able to indirectly affect grape quality and composition, with the short canopy reducing grape’s sugar and color content and increasing grape’s volatile aroma compounds concentration at harvest in 2017. The removal of three or six leaves from the fruit zone in post fruit set could be a suitable practice to improve grape quality in the Virginia environment.
2

Traces d’ADN bactérien et composés volatils comme premiers éléments de traçabilité des sels de terroir de l’océan Atlantique / Traces of bacterial DNA and volatile compounds as first factors of traceability pertaining to salt from regional marshes in the Atlantic Ocean.

Donadio, Clara 18 September 2014 (has links)
Exploité depuis toujours, le sel a connu, au temps de la Gabelle notamment, des heures de gloire certaines, faisant de lui un métal blanc précieux, recherché et coûteux. Cependant, de nos jours, il est considéré comme un minéral essentiel, certes, mais aussi dangereux pour la santé si surconsommé. Ainsi, les paludiers d'aujourd’hui doivent mettre en avant le caractère authentique de leur produit et leur savoir-faire ancestral, symboles de qualité dans l'esprit des contemporains, pour réussir à maintenir leur activité et leur part de marché. L'objectif de cette étude était ainsi de définir des pistes qui garantiraient aux paludiers la protection de leur travail, par exemple dans le cadre d'une démarche d'appellation d'origine contrôlée ou protégée. Pour ce faire, un partenariat avec des sauniers de la Côte Atlantique Française (Ile de Ré, Ile de Noirmoutier, presqu'Ile de Guérande, salines de Saint-Armel) a permis de collecter divers échantillons (eaux des marais, sels). Dans un premier temps, une recherche de microorganismes et une étude sur les traces d'ADNr-16S présent sur les cristaux de sel, ont permis de caractériser une partie du microbiote halophile se développent au niveau des bassins de production du sel de mer, alors que leur teneur en sel peut aller jusqu'à 25 %. Dans un second temps, une recherche de composés volatils a été conduite afin de déterminer si l'environnement pouvait influencer l'empreinte olfactive des eaux des marais et du sel lors de sa formation et / ou de sa récolte. Un protocole d'extraction et d'analyses a été développé et a permis la mise en évidence d'un profil en composés volatils propre à chaque bassin. Parmi les composés volatils détectés, de nombreux norisoprénoïdes, provenant probablement de la dégradation de caroténoïdes produits par les microorganismes halophiles, ont ainsi été identifiés : pour le « bassin » Ile de Ré, 21 composés volatils ont été identifiés dont 8 composés dérivés des caroténoïdes (CDC) ; pour le « bassin » de Noirmoutier, 13 composés dont 7 CDC ; pour le « bassin » de Saint-Armel, 54 composés dont 25 CDC ; pour le « bassin » Guérandais, 19 composés dont 10 CDC.D'une façon générale, les résultats obtenus aussi bien d'un point de vue microbiologique que chimique, ont révélé une forte corrélation entre les marais salants et le sel qu'ils produisent : les microorganismes spécifiques d'un environnement laissent des empreintes sur les eaux et le sel, ce qui permettrait notamment aux paludiers de caractériser leur produit en vue d'une protection basée sur de véritables marqueurs propres à chaque marais (pour des origines distantes de quelques kilomètres, des différences sont déjà notables entre salines tant au niveau « odeur » qu'au niveau microbiote). / Salt has always been exploited in living memory. It has known its heyday at several occasions throughout history, particularly during the period of the French Gabelle, and therefore came to be seen as a precious white metal both sought after and expensive. Yet, nowadays, although it has been considered as an essential mineral, it has also turned up to be unhealthy when taken in excessive amounts. Consequently, salt workers of our day and age have to highlight the genuine nature of their product as well as their ancestral skills, for they both stand out as tokens of quality for our contemporaries. Meeting the expectations of the consumer is the only way for them to keep up with their work and maintain their share on the market. Thus, this study aimed to define ways for salt workers to have their work preserved, for instance throughout a Protected Designation of Origin. Therefore, a partnership with Atlantic French salt workers (from Ré Island, Noirmoutier, Guérande and Saint-Armel) has been established, allowing us to collect samples of salt marsh water and salts.First, an overview of microorganism population and 16S-rDNA in each water or salt sample permitted to define what kinds of microorganism populations were to be found in salt marshes. Secondly, a search for volatile components was led so as to determine whether the environment might affect the olfactory footprint of salt marshes and of salt itself during its formation and its harvest. A process of extraction and analysis has been developed, shedding light on a link between the origin and the olfactory footprint of salt. As an example, the halophilous microorganisms which are extremely rich in carotenoid (hence the red-orange colour of some marshes) are partly responsible for the presence of norisoprenoids in the volatile components which have been identified: 21 compounds were identified in Ré Island (including 8 norisoprenoids), 13 in Noirmoutier (including 7 norisoprenoids), 54 in Saint-Armel (including 25 norisoprenoids),19 in Guérande (including 10 norisoprenoids).For each area, DNA traces and volatile profiles were identified. Therefore, a strong link can be established between salt marshes and the salt they produce. It appears that the differences between salt flats regarding either their smell or their microbiota is always noteworthy, even when marshes are only a few miles apart. Thus, the specific pool of the identified microorganisms which leave prints on the salt would allow saltworkers to define their product so as to ensure a form of protection based on specific markers which are proper to each marsh.
3

Impact d'une augmentation modérée de la température du raisin sur le métabolome et le transcriptome / Effects of moderately elevated temperature on grape berry at metabolic and transcriptomic levels

Wu, Jing 13 February 2018 (has links)
La viticulture dépend des conditions climatiques. Dans le contexte de réchauffement climatique, les changements de la vigne et du raisin sous l’effet des températures élevées vraisemblables pour les prochaines décennies pourraient modifier l’aire de répartition des cépages et même menacer la durabilité de la viticulture des régions chaudes. L’objectif de cette étude était donc d’analyser les effets de l’élévation de température sur la composition du raisin, du transcriptome au métabolome. L’utilisation d’un système « open top » passif au vignoble a permis d’augmenter la température autour des grappes de 0.5-1.6 °C en moyenne, une valeur compatible avec le réchauffement climatique prévisible. Les expérimentations ont été conduites sur Cabernet Sauvignon (CS) et Sauvignon Blanc (SB), de la nouaison à la surmaturité, à Bordeaux (France) et en Barossa Valley (Australie). Les analyses ont ciblé essentiellement les métabolites primaires, les composés phénoliques et aromatiques (l’IBMP, arôme de poivron vert; les précurseurs de 3SH, arôme de pamplemousse et la ß-damascenone, arômes floraux). En complément, des analyses RNA-seq et q-PCR ont été réalisées pour explorer la réponse transcriptomique à cet échauffement modéré en conditions réalistes de vignoble.L’échauffement modéré a peu affecté les concentrations en sucres, acides et total en acides aminés, mais a modifié la distribution des différents acides aminés. La composition en acides aminés s’est principalement différenciée suivant la variété, le stade de développement et le site expérimental.Les concentrations finales en IBMP n’ont pas été affectées par l’échauffement. Cependant, à la fermeture de la grappe, les baies de CS échauffées avaient une moindre concentration en IBMP associée à une sous-expression de VviOMT3. La concentration en IBMP des baies de SB échauffées n’a pas montré de différenciation, bien que les niveaux d’expression de VviOMT3 et VviOMT4 soient diminués. Les effets limités et dépendant du génotype suggèrent qu’une augmentation modérée de la température ne serait pas suffisante pour modifier significativement l’IBMP.Glut-3SH-Al était bien plus concentrée que Glut-3SH et Cys-3SH. le traitement échauffé a fait diminuer la présence de Glut-3SH-Al et Cys-3SH dans les baies de SB, en association avec une sous-expression de VviGST4. Par ailleurs, VIT_08s0007g01420 (GSTU8) a été réprimé par le traitement, et pourrait donc être un gène candidat potentiel impliqué dans la biosynthèse de précurseurs de 3SH.Pour les baies de CS, les concentrations en caroténoïdes totaux et celles des deux caroténoïdes majeurs (la lutéine et le β-carotène) n’ont pas réagi à l’augmentation de température. La zéaxanthine a montré une tendance à la diminution sous l’effet de l’échauffement, jusqu’à une diminution significative. Cette concentration plus faible pourrait limiter la biosynthèse de β-damascenone et expliquer la plus faible teneur en β-damascenone observée dans les baies à sur-maturité en cas de température élevée.Un total de 357 gènes (DEGs) ont été différentiellement exprimés en réponse à l’augmentation de température pour les échantillons de 2015 à Bordeaux. D’après l’analyse d’enrichissement « Gene Ontology », le traitement a principalement régulé quatre catégories en relation avec les microtubules, la paroi cellulaire, l’espace extracellulaire et l’activité des facteurs de transcription. 6 DEGs liés à la biosynthèse des anthocyanes ont été régulés négativement, ce qui pourrait expliquer, au moins en partie, la concentration réduite en anthocyanes totaux observée dans les baies de CS échauffées. En revanche, les tanins n’ont pas été affectés par l’augmentation de la température. / Viticulture depends on climate conditions during the growing season. In the context of global warming, any changes in viticulture caused by the rising temperatures expected for the next decades may alter the geographical distribution of grape varieties and even threaten the sustainability of viticulture in hot areas. The objective of this research was to investigate the effects of moderately elevated temperature on grape composition, both at metabolic and transcriptomic levels. A passive open-top heating system was applied in Cabernet Sauvignon (CS) and Sauvignon Blanc (SB) vines grown with standard practice in Bordeaux, France and the Barossa Valley, Australia (CS only) to increase the bunch zone mean temperature by around 0.5-1.6 °C, which was commensurate with the projected global warming. This moderate heating was applied from fruit-set to two weeks after harvest. Metabolites related to technical, phenolic and aromatic maturities (IBMP, the green pepper aroma, precursors of 3SH, grapefruit aroma, and β-damascenone, floral aroma) were assessed, together with transcriptome analysis via RNA-seq and q-PCR, in order to obtain a comprehensive view of berry responses to this moderately elevated temperature in realistic vineyard conditions.The moderately elevated temperature hardly affected the concentrations of sugars, organic acids and total amino acids, but it altered free amino acid composition depending on varieties, vintages and locations.The final concentrations of IBMP were not affected by warming condition in mature berries. However, the elevated temperature significantly reduced IBMP content and expression level of VviOMT3 (a known key gene of IBMP) in CS berries at bunch closure stage, while it reduced the expression levels of VviOMT3 and VviOMT4 at bunch closure stage without affecting IBMP concentration in SB berries. This limited and genotype-dependent effect of elevated temperature suggests that a moderate temperature elevation may not be sufficient to significantly modify IBMP.Glut-3SH-Al was much more concentrated than Glut-3SH and Cys-3SH. Reduced Glut-3SH-Al and Cys-3SH concentrations were associated with a significantly lower expression level of VviGST4 in heated SB berries. Meanwhile, VIT_08s0007g01420 (GSTU8), was down-regulated by elevated temperature and might be a potential candidate gene involved in the biosynthesis of precursors of 3SH.The concentrations of total carotenoids and two predominant carotenoids (lutein and β-carotene) were not altered by elevated temperature in CS berries, but zeaxanthin was reduced by elevated temperature and was significantly less concentrated at harvest. This lower concentration may limit the biosynthesis of β-damascenone and explain the observed lower β-damascenone concentration in post-ripening berries under elevated temperature.A total of 357 genes were differentially expressed (DEGs) in response to the elevated temperature in Bordeaux samples in 2015. Enrichment analysis of Gene Ontology showed that temperature mainly regulated four GO categories, including microtubule, cell wall, extracellular region, and transcription factor activity. 6 DEGs related to anthocyanins synthesis were down-regulated and it could explain, at least in part, the observed lower total anthocyanins in warmed CS. Conversely, tannins were not affected by elevated temperature.The results provide a better understanding of potential global warming effects on metabolite changes during berry development, along with novel molecular insights into the response of grape berry to moderate heating in vineyard conditions.

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