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At home afloat: gender and domesticity in Northwest Coast marine travel accountsPagh, Nancy 11 1900 (has links)
The ideology of home—essentially the notion that "a woman's place is in the home"—
tends to shape the expectations and assumptions of both men and women regarding the
interests and abilities of women on the water. In "At Home Afloat: Gender and
Domesticity in Northwest Coast Marine Travel Accounts," I analyze those expectations
and their effects in a regional context. Reading accounts by female boat tourists between
1861 and 1990, I question the ways that gender influences the roles women play at sea,
the spaces they occupy on boats, and the language they use to construct their experiences,
their surroundings, and their contact with native peoples.
In this dissertation I show women—traditionally forbidden in marine environments
—participating in Northwest Coast steam tourism from its initiation, and influencing
steamship company promotional language. I trace a history of women who enter the
local recreational boating community and alter it with their home-making skills and their
demand for "houseboats," and I map how domestic ideology can divide the built space of
the boat into gender-specific territories. Women who labor in marine occupations
(fishers, towboaters) cope with the limitations of a "masculine" environment. My work
shows how female tourists, who typically cruise as "mates" with their captains/husbands,
cope with these same limitations while bearing the added responsibility of answering to
the patriarchal head of household; as a result, women who gain access to boats through
their domestic abilities can be "ghettoized" in the galley. This project hypothesizes that
"feminine discourse" (shaped by the Victorian cult of the home), together with the limitations of steamship transportation, led nineteenth-century female boat travellers to
portray native women as "counterfeit ladies" and to seek homescapes in the mixed
land/seascape. After the turn of the century-with the rise of the myth of the
disappearing Indian, and the growing popularity of small-boat cruising—female boat
tourists use feminine discourse to question their own position as outsider in the native
world. Finally, I show that although literary works rely on seascape metaphors to
symbolize woman's escape from the "social moorings" of gender expectations, these
travellers tend to depict themselves in traditional domestic roles and find the waterscape
largely "indescribable." Their accounts focus on "enfolding" nature into the ship's
household, and emphasize female connections to the land. / Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies / Graduate
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Biogeography of the genus Sargassum (Heterokontophyta: Phaeophyceae) and the phylogeographic patterns of Sargassum spp. in Northwest Pacific. / CUHK electronic theses & dissertations collection / Digital dissertation consortiumJanuary 2009 (has links)
The biogeographical pattern of the brown macroalgal genus Sargassum as well as the phylogeography of selected Sargassum spp. along NW Pacific coast were elucidated using analytical biogeographical and comparative phylogeographical tools. / To investigate the effect of freshwater outflow from Yangtze and Yellow Rivers in eastern China in shaping the genetic population structure of Sargassum spp., a comparative phylogeographic study was conducted on four closely related Sargassum species showing either continuous (Sargassum thunbergii and S. muticum ) or discontinuous (S. hemihyllum and S. fusiforme) distribution patterns along the Chinese coast. The results showed discontinuously distributed species to exhibit more haplotypes (e.g. four in TrnW_I spacer) among their populations than those with continuous distribution (two in TrnW_I spacer) pattern. Little or no population differentiation is revealed in species with a continuous distribution. Their occurrences in the brackish Bohai region may be attributed to the presence of inherited physiochemical traits that allow them to tolerate lower salinity waters in estuaries. The discontinuously distributed species, however, exhibited a deep genetic divergence among populations, as revealed by various genetic markers. There are two main lineages of S. fusiforme based on ITS2 and TrnW_I sequences, but the geographical region associated with this genetic break between the two lineages in eastern and southwestern Japan is different from that of S. hemiphyllum. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) results indicate that the maintenance of the population structure of S. fusiforme appears not to be correlated with the outflow of the two rivers. For S. hemphyllum, reduced salinity as the suspected genetic barrier was investigated directly in the laboratory to elucidate its effect on the growth and survival of S. hemiphyllum var. chinense . Statistically significant difference was observed in the relative growth rate (calculated based on wet weight) of branches cultured under different salinities, with the optimal growth under salinity level of 33 ppt. The lethal limit of vegetative growth was between 0 and 10 ppt. Germlings cultured in 15 ppt attained the highest survivorship. The optimal growth of the germlings occurred at 25 ppt, while the lowest lethal limit was within the range of 0 ppt and 5 ppt. Germlings reared under low salinity were deficient in rhizoid development, making them highly unlikely to grow into large thallus in the natural environment with strong waves. Compared with the optimal and lethal salinity level of S. mutium, the lethal limits of both vegetative branches and germlings of the two species are comparable. The optimal growth of branches of S. muticum occurred under salinity level of 27 ppt, in contrast to the optimal salinity level of S. hemiphyllum at 33 ppt. This could have explained the absence of S. hemiphyllum in brackish water and support the suggestion that river discharge serves as a barrier for the exchange of genetic materials among its populations. (Abstract shortened by UMI.). / Two allopatrically distributed varieties of S. hemiphyllum, v. chinense and v. hemiphyllum, are genetically distinct in terms of their internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) and Rubisco spacer. The genetic break between these two varieties, with v. chinense distributed in southern Chinese coast and v. hemiphyllum in Japan and Korea, is situated in a region that includes Bohai, Yellow Sea and East China Sea, all of which were heavily influenced by the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers in China. An introgression of the mitochondrial (Mt) genome from v. chinense to v. hemiphyllum, possibly mediated by the Kuroshio Current, is evident based on the Mt marker TrnW_I spacer. Hybridization between the two varieties may still be ongoing since the concerted evolution of ITS2 is not yet saturated in the Korean population located geographically in-between the distribution of the two varieties. In contrast, no variation in ITS2 and Rubisco spacer is revealed in S. muticum, including the native Asian populations and introduced populations in Europe and North America. There is a fixed one-nucleotide difference in the TrnW_I spacer, between the population in eastern Japan and all the other populations examined. This finding supports the earlier suggestion that the source of the introduced S. muticum populations is western and central Japan (Seto Inland Sea), where the germlings of S. muticum have been associated with the Pacific oysters previously introduced for farming in Canada, UK and France in earlier years. / Cheang, Chi Chiu. / Advisers: Put O. Ang; Ka-Hou Chu. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-09(E), Section: B. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 221-247). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.
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Sediment transport on the northern Oregon continental shelfHarlett, John Charles 28 July 1971 (has links)
The distribution of surface sediments on the northern Oregon
continental shell is characterized by a nearshore sandy facies and an
outer shelf muddy facies, separated by a mid-shelf zone of mixed
sand and mud. Currents which have been measured at 130 centimeters
above the bottom indicate that the distribution of the surface sediment
is a reflection of the hydraulic regime.
The strongest bottom currents which were measured were in the
nearshore region at a depth of 36 meters. Here currents of over 40
cm/sec generated by surface waves are capable of placing the nearshore
sands in suspension, where they are transported shoreward
by the wave surge. At mid-shelf, in 90 meters of water, the bottom
current veolcity ranges from zero to over 25 cm/sec, although the
mean is normally about 10 cm/sec. The strongest currents at this
depth are capable of eroding some of the fine sediments, but probably
do not rework the older sediments which have been compacted. Currents which are similar in character to those at mid-shelf were observed
at the shelf edge in a depth of 165 meters. A significant
departure, however, is the difference in frequency where the most
energy is found. At the shelf edge the dominant frequency was about
four cpd whereas the dominant frequency at mid-shelf was two cpd or
lower. The dominant frequencies indicate that tides are important
in the generation of continental shelf bottom currents. The twelve -
hour period is that of the semi-diurnal tide; the six-hour period is the
second harmonic of the semi-diurnal component. No indication of
surface wave influence was found at mid-shelf or shelf-edge depths.
Profiles of turbidity made at four east-west transects of the
continental shelf indicate suspended sediment transport occurs principally
at three levels in the water column. An upper layer is at the
level of the seasonal thermocline, a mid-water layer is located at the
level of the permanent pycnocline, and the third layer is at the bottom.
The surface layer is important in transporting suspended sediment
of the Columbia River plume, although there is also a contribution to
the surface layer from the surf zone by the process of diffusion of
fine particles.
The mid-water layer thickens vertically and becomes less
intense seaward, indicating a nearshore source for the suspended
material. This source is diffusion of fine particles from the surf
zone at mid-water depths. The mid-water layer is located at the level
of the permanent pycnocline. The layer is sub-parallel to the bottom
over the shelf but becomes diffuse at the shelf edge. Sediment transport
in the mid-water layer provides a mechanism by which sediment
bypasses the outer shelf and upper slope area.
The bottom layer receives its suspended material from erosion
of the bottom, from the water column above, and from fine material
moving seaward from the surf zone. The amount of eroded material
contributed to the bottom layer depends on the bottom current strength
and on the bottom roughness characteristics. Over a rough bottom
the erosive power of a given bottom current is increased drastically.
For this reason, the presence or absence of rippling is important to
sediment transport on the shelf. The fine material of the bottom
layer may concentrate by settling during quiescent periods, allowing
low-density flows to initiate.
Several time-series observations of turbidity indicate that the
bottom layer thickens and thins in response to increases and decreases
in current velocity. The mid-water layer migrated somewhat in a
vertical direction, but its thickness and intensity remained nearly
the same. The thickness and intensity of the upper layer responded
to changes in the structure of the thermocline, becoming thick and
dispersed when the upper part of the water column is mixed.
A model of sediment transport proposes that mid-water and
bottom currents transport suspended sediments diagonally across
the shelf toward the south-southwest. The sediments of the Columbia
River plume are also transported in a southerly direction in the surface
waters. Relatively little deposition takes place on the shelf and
upper slope, with the bulk of the sediments bypassing the shelf and
depositing on the lower slope and continental rise. / Graduation date: 1972
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A study of the seasonal variation in temperature and salinity along the Oregon - Northern California coastBourke, Robert H. 03 September 1971 (has links)
This study examines the seasonal variability in temperature and
salinity of the nearshore waters off Oregon and Northern California.
Specifically, temperature and salinity variations during summer and
winter were ana1yzed from data gathered at shore stations along the
coast and from hydrographic data collected within 25 nautical miles
of shore.
At each of five shore stations a modal cell technique was used
to establish the temperature-salinity characteristics of the "normal"
water type existing at each station during summer and winter. A
classification scheme was employed to determine what local processes
were influential in altering the "normal" T-S characteristics at each
station.
In summer mixing with Columbia River plume water was found to be the
major modifying process along the Northern Oregon coast. Off Central and
Southern Oregon local heating and mixing with water from the shelf/slope
region were found to be most influential. In winter dilution due to precipitation
and subsequent runoff is the major modifying factor along the
entire coast except off Northern Oregon where mixing with shelf/slope
waters is slightly more influential.
The temperature and salinity structure of the near surface waters
(< 200 meters) was examined for four latitudinal zones off the Oregon-
Northern California coast. Within each zone profiles were constructed
at 5, 15, and 25 nautical miles offshore.
Surface waters are warmer and more saline in summer than in winter.
Surface temperatures increase seaward in both seasons. Surface salinities
increase seaward only during winter; in summer the increase is shoreward.
Offshore gradients of temperature and salinity are one to two orders of
magnitude greater than longshore gradients.
A strong thermocline to 30 meters and a strong halocline to 75 meters
is present in summer. In winter the water is isothermal to 50 meters
while a strong halocline is present to 100 meters. Below these levels
temperatures and salinities continue to slowly decrease and increase,
respectively, until at 200 meters they become constant throughout the
study area. Variability with distance from shore is significant only
in summer and is constrained to the upper 150 meters of the water column. / Graduation date: 1972
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A study of the relationship between local winds and currents over the continental shelf off OregonHuyer, Adriana, 1945- 18 March 1971 (has links)
This thesis demonstrates that at low frequencies (periods longer
than 2.5 days) local currents off the coast of Oregon are closely
related to the wind. Wind and current observations made during
August and September 1969 are described and compared to demonstrate
that a relationship exists; the physics of the interaction is not
understood.
The data are described as functions of both time and frequency.
Spectral analysis shows that wind and current were related at frequencies
less than 0.017 cycles per hour and at the diurnal frequency;
at other frequencies they are apparently not related. The wind and
current were then filtered to suppress frequencies higher than 0.017
cycles per hour; they are shown as functions of time. Comparison
of the time series reveals certain features of the relationship between
wind and current. The current can be considered to be the sum of two parts: a "response" current, which is related directly to the
wind, and a "residual" current which is also variable. The amplitude
of the response depends on the amplitude of the wind and on the density
profile of the water. The time lag between the wind and the response
current was variable; on a few occasions the current led the wind.
Both the response and the residual current were generally parallel to
the bottom contours. The residual current seems to change during
periods when the response current is interrupted, so that short current
records are not indicative of the mean flow. / Graduation date: 1971
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Iconography of the northwest coast raven rattleGould, Jennifer Chambers January 1973 (has links)
This thesis is concerned with a problem in the interpretation of non-western art: the iconography of the raven rattle, a carved ritual object of widespread distribution on the Northwest Coast of
North America. Iconographic analysis (after Panofsky) involves identifying cultural themes and concepts associated with artistic motifs. Because of the relative scarcity of recorded primary sources of interpretation, the method adopted in this analysis has been to infer meanings from relevant cultural contexts and data. Relevant data have been judged to be museum notes, ethnographies, and myths and relevant contexts,
the ceremonies in which the rattle was used. The problem has been to identify the individual motifs appearing on the rattle with associated themes and concepts, and, because the rattle is a complex
image, to interpret their interrelationship within the context in which the rattle was used: initiation ceremonies presided over by chiefs.
For the dominant motifs on the rattle I have argued the following interpretations:
1. The "reclining figure motif" on the back of the rattle represents the guardian spirit quest, in which the reclining figure is the novice, the protruding tongue stands for the passage of power, and the animal at the other end of the tongue identifies the source of power. 2. The "raven" at the head of the rattle refers to the origin of
daylight, an event of key significance in Northwest Coast cosmology. 3. The creature on the belly of the rattle represents a trapped,
wealth-bringing, supernatural, sea monster.
These interpretations subsume the more specific identifications that have been made by ethnographers and informants of the objects
on the rattle. Within the context in which the raven rattle was used, I have suggested that the interpretations relate to each other as follows: the origin of daylight marks the beginning of the social and natural order, of the guardian spirit quest, and of reciprocity. The sea monster on the belly is a symbol of controlled supernatural
power and wealth — or the fruits of the successful quest. The relationship of these associations to the chiefs who used the rattle, is that the chief was both wealth-bringer to his tribe and had access
to the "controlled use of supernatural power. This he exerted on behalf of the social order in initiation ceremonies. These conclusions indicate that the raven rattle was a significantly
general symbol whose thematic referents were assumptions basic to Northwest Coast culture. In reaching these conclusions, the utility of the iconographic approach, as adapted and applied to an
analysis of images in Northwest Coast art, has been demonstrated. / Arts, Faculty of / Anthropology, Department of / Graduate
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An Ahousat elder's songs : transcription and analysisBowles, Kathleen E. January 1991 (has links)
This study examines the development of a comprehensive
transcription method for Northwest Coast Native music. In the past,
ethnomusicologists have presented methodologies which sometimes lacked
data useful for present comparative studies. For this reason, research for
this study was conducted in the field to gain a more complete
understanding of both musical and cultural characteristics. Eighteen
songs were recorded for this study between November 1990 and February
1991. They were sung by Mr. Peter Webster, an Ahousat elder of the
Central Nuu-chah-nulth people located on Flores Island near Tofino on
Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Melodies, drum rhythms and song
texts were discussed in depth with Mr. Webster, thus providing many
musical and cultural insights from an 'emie' (inside) point of view. Much
of this information is included with the song transcriptions and analyses.
Song texts are presented in the T'aat'aaqsapa dialect of the Nuu-chah-nulth
language, together with English translations, Comparisons are also made
with Ida Halpern's 1974 recording, Nootka: Indian Music of the Pacific
Northwest to determine the extent of musical continuity and variation over
this brief period.
One of the limitations of my work has been the lack of opportunity to
record songs during the ceremonies in which they are usually performed,
such as potlatches or tlukwanas. Another limitation has been the Western
notation system, which, as received, is not sufficiently flexible for the
transcription of Native music. For this study, additional descriptive signs
have beau created to adapt the Native musical characteristics to the
Western notation system. While the method developed in this study has
facilitated the transcription of Nuu-chah-nulth music, there is still a need
for further development of an independent notation system.
A clear, comprehensive transcription method, flexible enough to
accommodate this music, has been the primary aim of this study. If this
transcription method is useful for transcribing other Native musics, then
future comparative music studies will benefit from it. / Arts, Faculty of / Music, School of / Graduate
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Prehistoric Northwest Coast art : a stylistic analysis of the archaeological recordHolm, Margaret Ann January 1990 (has links)
This thesis is a stylistic study of the prehistoric art record from the Northwest Coast of North America. Its purpose is three-fold: to describe the spatial and temporal variation in the stylistic attributes of prehistoric art; to evaluate theories on the evolution of the Northwest Coast art tradition; and to comment on the possible factors behind variation in the prehistoric art record.
This study examines stylistic attributes related to representational imagery, concentrating on five variables: decorated forms, carving techniques, design elements, design principles, and motifs. The core sample consists of anthropomorphic and zoomorphic images from dated archaeological contexts; a total of 242 artifacts from 58 sites are examined. The material is presented in chronological order corresponding to the Gulf of Georgia prehistoric cultural sequence.
The major finding of this study is that by the end of the Locarno Beach phase or the beginning of the Marpole phase the essential character of the Northwest Coast art style had developed. There are new developments in the late period, but the evidence presented suggests a previously undocumented stylistic continuity from the late Locarno Beach phase to historic Coast Salish art with no decline in quality or productivity. This study indicates that, as far back as the record extends, three-dimensional, naturalistic forms and two-dimensional incising and engraving techniques have equal antiquity. From the Locarno Beach phase onward the flat, engraved style and the three-dimensional sculpture style developed together; the formline concept developed very early out of the raised, positive lines created by deep engraving in antler. / Arts, Faculty of / Anthropology, Department of / Graduate
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Charles E. Borden: his formulation and testing of archaeological hypothesesRobinson, Ellen Wallace 01 January 1975 (has links)
Analysis of Borden's papers, including unpublished (to 1975), to discover logic used to formulate and test hypotheses. Available data and explanatory patterns shown. Work characterized as search for Northwest Coast chronology with three periods: Early. Evidence from stratigraphy, geology, historical linguistics, ethnographies, study of spatial distribution of similar artifacts. Middle. Application of 0-14 dating to test and correct earlier hypotheses. Recent. Sequences of hypotheses to explain complex, puzzling phenomena involving many basic sciences. Papers shown to be series of retroductions, moving from puzzling phenomina to hypotheses from which the phenomena would follow as a matter of course.
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Building and Maintaining Plankhouses at Two Villages on the Southern Northwest Coast of North AmericaShepard, Emily Evelyn 14 March 2014 (has links)
Plankhouses were functionally and symbolically integral to Northwest Coast societies, as much of economic and social life was predicated on these dwellings. This thesis investigates both plankhouse architecture and the production of these dwellings. Studying plankhouse construction and maintenance provides information regarding everyday labor, landscape use outside of villages, organization of complex tasks, and resource management.
This thesis investigates three plankhouse structures at two sites, Meier and Cathlapotle, in the Lower Columbia River Region of the southern Northwest Coast of North America. Methods consisted of digitizing over 1,100 architectural features, creating detailed maps of architectural features, and conducting statistical and spatial analysis of these features. I use ethnographies, historical documents, experimental archaeology, and ecological studies to characterize the processes of plankhouse production. This information is combined with excavation data from Cathlapotle and Meier to calculate estimates of material and labor required for plankhouse-related activities.
Results of this study support previous inferences regarding house architecture, construction and maintenance at the two sites. Structural elements were frequently replaced, yet overall house appearance changed little over time. Some differences in structural element use and size are noted between the two sites, suggesting that slightly different building techniques may have been employed at the two villages.
Although approximate, calculations of raw materials and person days required for various building tasks provide a glimpse of the massive undertaking entailed in constructing and maintaining plankhouses. These data suggest that an enormous amount of trees were required for construction and maintenance over house occupation, approximately 700-1,200 trees at Meier, 900-2,000 trees at Cathlapotle House 1, and 150-400 trees at Cathlapotle House 4. Estimates of minimum person days entailed for tasks related to initial construction range from 1,400-2,800 at Meier, to 2,100-4,500 at Cathlapotle House 1, to 350-700 at Cathlapotle House 4. In highlighting the articulation of plankhouse labor with household reproduction, this thesis demonstrates the important interplay between material outputs, everyday action, and sociopolitical aspects of Northwest Coast society.
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