Nurr1 is a transcription factor essential for the establishment, development, terminal differentiation and maintenance of mesencephalic dopamine neurons. Nurr1 is thought to coordinate the expression of dopamine neurotransmission genes. Nurr1-null heterozygous (+/-) mice have reduced Nurr1 function, which impacts dopamine neuron function in a region specific manner. Since aging can affect Nurr1 expression, we hypothesize that aging and +/- genotype will have significant effects on dopamine regulation and dopamine related behaviors. To test this hypothesis, regional neurochemistry and behavioral tests of wild type (+/+) and +/- mice at 3 months of age (young) and 12-16 months of age (aged)was performed. We also hypothesize that aging will reduce Nurr1 expression in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) and also reduce expression of the genes associated with dopamine (DA) neurotransmission that are regulated by Nurr1. To test this we isolated dopamine neurons in SNpc and VTA using laser capture microdissection, and measured the expression of Nurr1 and other associated DA neurotransmission genes using quantitative PCR. Nurr1 protein levels in DA neurons in SNpc and VTA and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) protein levels in dopamine target regions were measured using quantitative immunohistochemistry. A significant increase in openield activity after stress in young +/- mice was observed. Significant reductions in tissue dopamine levels in the ventral striatum, including the core and shell of the nucleus accumbens were seen. In the SNpc, there was a significant increase in D2 receptor expression and a trend toward reduced TH expression, while in the VTA there was a significant decrease in D2 receptor expression and TH expression due to +/- genotype. The +/- genotype caused a significantly lower Nurr1 protein expression in the VTA which was not observed in the SNpc. Thus, it can be concluded that Nurr1 +/- genotype has a greater impact on the mesoaccumbens system as compared to the nigrostriatal system. The amount of Nurr1 protein expressed due to +/- genotype was not a 50% reduction as expected due to knockout of one gene of Nurr1 suggesting compensatory mechanisms that can maintain Nurr1 protein expression closer to the +/+ level.

Cardiac stem cells (CSCs)-based therapy provides a promising avenue for the management of ischemic heart diseases. However, engrafted CSCs are subjected to acute cell apoptosis in the ischemic microenvironment. Here, stem cell antigen 1 positive (Sca-1+) CSCs proved to own therapy potential were cultured and treated with H2O2 to mimic the ischemia situation. As autophagy inhibitor, 3-methyladenine (3MA), inhibited H2O2-induced CSCs apoptosis, thus we demonstrated that H2O2 induced autophagy-dependent apoptosis in CSCs, and continued to find key proteins responsible for the crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis. Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4 Group A Member 2 (NR4A2), increased upon cardiomyocyte injury with unknown functions in CSCs, was increased by H2O2. NR4A2 siRNA attenuated H2O2 induced autophagy and apoptosis in CSCs, which suggested an important role of NR4A2 in CSCs survival in ischemia conditions. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and NF- κB (P65) subunit were both increased by H2O2. Either the ROS scavenger, N-acetyl-lcysteine (NAC) or NF-κB signaling inhibitor, bay11-7082 could attenuate H2O2-induced autophagy and apoptosis in CSCs, which suggested they were involved in this process. Furthermore, NAC inhibited NF-κB activities, while bay11-7082 inhibited NR4A2 expression, which revealed a ROS/NF-κB/NR4A2 pathway responsible for H2O2- induced autophagy and apoptosis in CSCs. Our study supports a new clue enhancing the survival rate of CSCs in the infarcted myocardium for cell therapy in ischemic cardiomyopathy.

The overall goal of this research is to understand roles of gut microbiota metabolites and adipocyte transcription factor (TF) network in health and disease by developing systematic analysis methods. As microbiota can perform diverse biotransformation reactions, the spectrum of metabolites present in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is extremely complex but only a handful of bioactive microbiota metabolites have been identified. We developed a metabolomics workflow that integrates in silico discovery with targeted mass spectrometry. A computational pathway analysis where microbiota metabolisms are modeled as a single metabolic network is utilized to predict a focused set of targets for multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) analysis. We validated our methodology by predicting, quantifying in murine cecum and feces and characterizing tryptophan (TRP)-derived metabolites as ligands for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. The adipocyte process of lipid droplet accumulation and differentiation is regulated by multiple TFs that function together in a network. Although individual TF activation is previously reported, construction of an integrated network has been limited due to different measurement conditions. We developed an integrated network model of key TFs - PPAR, C/EBP, CREB, NFAT, FoxO1, and SREBP-1c - underlying adipocyte differentiation. A hypothetic model was determined based on literature, and stochastic simulation algorithm (SSA) was applied to simulate TF dynamics. TF activation profiles at different stages of differentiation were measured using 3T3-L1 reporter cell lines where binding of a TF to its DNA binding element drives expression of the Gaussia luciferase gene. Reaction trajectories calculated by SSA showed good agreement with experimental measurement. The TF model was further validated by perturbing dynamics of CREB using forskolin, and comparing the predicted response with experimental data. We studied the molecular recognition mechanism underlying anti-inflammatory function of a bacterial metabolite, indole in DC2.4 cells. The indole treatment attenuated the fraction of cells that were producing the pro-inflammatory cytokine, TNFα and knockdown of nuclear receptor related 1 (Nurr1; NR4A2) resulted in less indole-derived suppression of TNFα production. The first discovery of NR4A2 as a molecular mediator of the endogenous metabolite, indole is expected to provide a new strategy for treatment of inflammatory disorders.

No description available.

The contamination of seafood with methylmercury (MeHg) is a global health issue, as MeHg is a well known neurotoxin. Since dietary nutrients may interact with MeHg toxicity, and oxidative stress is one of the primary mechanisms underlying MeHg neurotoxicity, we characterized dietary antioxidant-MeHg interactions. Firstly, we used an ethnobotanical study to confirm the antioxidant activity of Northern Labrador Tea, Rhododendron tomentosum ssp. subarcticum (Tea), for the Canadian Inuit, a population with elevated MeHg exposure. Secondly, we determined the ability of Tea to ameliorate MeHg-induced toxicity in a rat perinatal exposure study. MeHg exposure (2 mg/KgBW/d) was associated with perturbed development and behaviour, elevated brain N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, and serum lipid peroxidation. Surprisingly, Tea co-exposure (100 mg/KgBW/d) modulated MeHg’s effects on brain NMDA-R levels and lipid peroxidation, but also increased mercury serum concentrations. Thirdly, using a toxicogenomics approach we determined that MeHg exposure caused the down-regulation of Nr4a2 and its protein product Nurr1. These novel MeHg targets are implicated in developmental learning functions and were corrected with MeHg + Tea co-exposure. Lastly, we conducted a risk assessment survey and cross-sectional dietary epidemiology study in Costa Rica to further investigate dietary nutrient-MeHg interactions. Costa Rica is a Central American country with multiple sources of Hg and a high per capital fish consumption. Here, 5 of the 14 populations we studied exceeded the recommended MeHg provisional tolerable daily intake (pTDI) of 0.2 µg/KgBW/d. In Heredia the pTDI was exceeded by 34% of woman participants, primarily associated with canned tuna consumption. Interestingly, we detected that Hg body burden was significantly reduced by the consumption of antioxidant-rich dietary items. Considering our collective results, we hypothesized that MeHg toxicokinetics may be altered by dietary nutrients at the site of intestinal absorption from the disruption of gut flora, or at the site of cellular demethylation in tissues from the improvement of cellular redox state. The interaction of dietary nutrients on MeHg outcomes has a large impact on risk assessment and may provide a public health approach for managing the risk associated with MeHg exposure without reducing local fish consumption.

The contamination of seafood with methylmercury (MeHg) is a global health issue, as MeHg is a well known neurotoxin. Since dietary nutrients may interact with MeHg toxicity, and oxidative stress is one of the primary mechanisms underlying MeHg neurotoxicity, we characterized dietary antioxidant-MeHg interactions. Firstly, we used an ethnobotanical study to confirm the antioxidant activity of Northern Labrador Tea, Rhododendron tomentosum ssp. subarcticum (Tea), for the Canadian Inuit, a population with elevated MeHg exposure. Secondly, we determined the ability of Tea to ameliorate MeHg-induced toxicity in a rat perinatal exposure study. MeHg exposure (2 mg/KgBW/d) was associated with perturbed development and behaviour, elevated brain N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, and serum lipid peroxidation. Surprisingly, Tea co-exposure (100 mg/KgBW/d) modulated MeHg’s effects on brain NMDA-R levels and lipid peroxidation, but also increased mercury serum concentrations. Thirdly, using a toxicogenomics approach we determined that MeHg exposure caused the down-regulation of Nr4a2 and its protein product Nurr1. These novel MeHg targets are implicated in developmental learning functions and were corrected with MeHg + Tea co-exposure. Lastly, we conducted a risk assessment survey and cross-sectional dietary epidemiology study in Costa Rica to further investigate dietary nutrient-MeHg interactions. Costa Rica is a Central American country with multiple sources of Hg and a high per capital fish consumption. Here, 5 of the 14 populations we studied exceeded the recommended MeHg provisional tolerable daily intake (pTDI) of 0.2 µg/KgBW/d. In Heredia the pTDI was exceeded by 34% of woman participants, primarily associated with canned tuna consumption. Interestingly, we detected that Hg body burden was significantly reduced by the consumption of antioxidant-rich dietary items. Considering our collective results, we hypothesized that MeHg toxicokinetics may be altered by dietary nutrients at the site of intestinal absorption from the disruption of gut flora, or at the site of cellular demethylation in tissues from the improvement of cellular redox state. The interaction of dietary nutrients on MeHg outcomes has a large impact on risk assessment and may provide a public health approach for managing the risk associated with MeHg exposure without reducing local fish consumption.

The contamination of seafood with methylmercury (MeHg) is a global health issue, as MeHg is a well known neurotoxin. Since dietary nutrients may interact with MeHg toxicity, and oxidative stress is one of the primary mechanisms underlying MeHg neurotoxicity, we characterized dietary antioxidant-MeHg interactions. Firstly, we used an ethnobotanical study to confirm the antioxidant activity of Northern Labrador Tea, Rhododendron tomentosum ssp. subarcticum (Tea), for the Canadian Inuit, a population with elevated MeHg exposure. Secondly, we determined the ability of Tea to ameliorate MeHg-induced toxicity in a rat perinatal exposure study. MeHg exposure (2 mg/KgBW/d) was associated with perturbed development and behaviour, elevated brain N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, and serum lipid peroxidation. Surprisingly, Tea co-exposure (100 mg/KgBW/d) modulated MeHg’s effects on brain NMDA-R levels and lipid peroxidation, but also increased mercury serum concentrations. Thirdly, using a toxicogenomics approach we determined that MeHg exposure caused the down-regulation of Nr4a2 and its protein product Nurr1. These novel MeHg targets are implicated in developmental learning functions and were corrected with MeHg + Tea co-exposure. Lastly, we conducted a risk assessment survey and cross-sectional dietary epidemiology study in Costa Rica to further investigate dietary nutrient-MeHg interactions. Costa Rica is a Central American country with multiple sources of Hg and a high per capital fish consumption. Here, 5 of the 14 populations we studied exceeded the recommended MeHg provisional tolerable daily intake (pTDI) of 0.2 µg/KgBW/d. In Heredia the pTDI was exceeded by 34% of woman participants, primarily associated with canned tuna consumption. Interestingly, we detected that Hg body burden was significantly reduced by the consumption of antioxidant-rich dietary items. Considering our collective results, we hypothesized that MeHg toxicokinetics may be altered by dietary nutrients at the site of intestinal absorption from the disruption of gut flora, or at the site of cellular demethylation in tissues from the improvement of cellular redox state. The interaction of dietary nutrients on MeHg outcomes has a large impact on risk assessment and may provide a public health approach for managing the risk associated with MeHg exposure without reducing local fish consumption.

The contamination of seafood with methylmercury (MeHg) is a global health issue, as MeHg is a well known neurotoxin. Since dietary nutrients may interact with MeHg toxicity, and oxidative stress is one of the primary mechanisms underlying MeHg neurotoxicity, we characterized dietary antioxidant-MeHg interactions. Firstly, we used an ethnobotanical study to confirm the antioxidant activity of Northern Labrador Tea, Rhododendron tomentosum ssp. subarcticum (Tea), for the Canadian Inuit, a population with elevated MeHg exposure. Secondly, we determined the ability of Tea to ameliorate MeHg-induced toxicity in a rat perinatal exposure study. MeHg exposure (2 mg/KgBW/d) was associated with perturbed development and behaviour, elevated brain N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, and serum lipid peroxidation. Surprisingly, Tea co-exposure (100 mg/KgBW/d) modulated MeHg’s effects on brain NMDA-R levels and lipid peroxidation, but also increased mercury serum concentrations. Thirdly, using a toxicogenomics approach we determined that MeHg exposure caused the down-regulation of Nr4a2 and its protein product Nurr1. These novel MeHg targets are implicated in developmental learning functions and were corrected with MeHg + Tea co-exposure. Lastly, we conducted a risk assessment survey and cross-sectional dietary epidemiology study in Costa Rica to further investigate dietary nutrient-MeHg interactions. Costa Rica is a Central American country with multiple sources of Hg and a high per capital fish consumption. Here, 5 of the 14 populations we studied exceeded the recommended MeHg provisional tolerable daily intake (pTDI) of 0.2 µg/KgBW/d. In Heredia the pTDI was exceeded by 34% of woman participants, primarily associated with canned tuna consumption. Interestingly, we detected that Hg body burden was significantly reduced by the consumption of antioxidant-rich dietary items. Considering our collective results, we hypothesized that MeHg toxicokinetics may be altered by dietary nutrients at the site of intestinal absorption from the disruption of gut flora, or at the site of cellular demethylation in tissues from the improvement of cellular redox state. The interaction of dietary nutrients on MeHg outcomes has a large impact on risk assessment and may provide a public health approach for managing the risk associated with MeHg exposure without reducing local fish consumption.

Afin de répondre correctement aux nombreux changements se produisant à chaque instant dans leur environnement, les cellules utilisent une panoplie de messagers moléculaires dont la synchronisation est essentielle à la signalisation cellulaire appropriée. La superfamille des récepteurs nucléaires compte quarante-huit membres impliqués dans ces processus de signalisation et influence ainsi plusieurs fonctions physiologiques. Les récepteurs nucléaires de la sous-famille NR4A composée de Nur77/NR4A1, Nurr1/NR4A2 et Nor1/NR4A3 sont des facteurs critiques du développement et de la maintenance du système nerveux. Nor1/NR4A3 en particulier est essentiel aux processus de guidage axonal et de survie neuronale au niveau de l’hippocampe. Les NR4A se démarquent des autres récepteurs nucléaires puisqu’ils sont considérés comme des récepteurs orphelins constitutivement actifs, ce qui veut dire qu’ils ne nécessitent pas d’interaction avec un ligand afin d’être activés. Il devient ainsi important d’identifier de nouveaux mécanismes de régulation pour cette sous-famille de récepteur afin d’améliorer notre compréhension et potentiellement contrôler leurs activités dans un contexte neuronal. L’activité des récepteurs nucléaires peut être régulée de plusieurs façons, indépendamment de leur association avec un ligand endogène. Les modifications post-traductionnelles représentent un aspect crucial de la signalisation cellulaire permettant de réguler la fonction des protéines cibles de manière spécifique au contexte. La SUMOylation et la phosphorylation sont des exemples de modifications post-traductionnelles avec le potentiel de réguler l’activité transcriptionnelle, la stabilité et l’expression des gènes cibles des récepteurs nucléaires. Dans cette thèse, l’impact de la SUMOylation retrouvée sur un motif consensus ainsi que sur un motif non-consensus de SUMOylation phosphorylé du récepteur Nor1 est étudié. Dans la première étude, un motif de SUMOylation non-consensus nouvellement découvert sur Nor1 est décrit. Ce nouveau motif nommé pSuM a été identifié pour la première fois sur le récepteur nucléaire des estrogènes ERβ et sur le récepteur farnésoÏde FXR. Nous avons identifié un motif pSuM situé à la lysine 137 de Nor1 qui sert de cible fonctionnelle de SUMO2. Le pSuM se démarque du motif de SUMOylation consensus puisqu’il nécessite une phosphorylation afin d’être SUMOylé. Dans le cas de Nor1, nos résultats démontrent que la sérine 139 est phosphorylée par la voie des MAPK. La SUMOylation sur ce site mène à une réduction de l’activité transcriptionnelle et du recrutement à la chromatine de Nor1 ainsi que de l’expression des gènes sensibles à Nor1. Une particularité intéressante du pSuM de Nor1 est qu’il possède également une extension phosphorylable par la kinase CK2 qui est essentielle au processus de SUMOylation. Cette extension a également un effet sur la stabilité et la compétence transcriptionnelle de Nor1. En utilisant des lignées SH-SY5Y exprimant de manière stable différents mutants SUMO de Nor1, il est démontré que la SUMOylation du pSuM diminue la prolifération et la survie cellulaire en réponse au stress oxydant. Dans la seconde étude, la SUMOylation de Nor1 sur un motif de SUMOylation canonique situé sur la Lysine 89 est caractérisée. Il est démontré que ce site de SUMOylation est ciblé principalement par SUMO1 et qu’il est important afin de maintenir une compétence transcriptionnelle et une stabilité optimale du récepteur. Cette SUMOylation régule également la prolifération et la survie en réponse à un traitement au nocodazole des lignées stables ainsi que la stabilité des microtubules. En conclusion, ces études identifient de nouveaux mécanismes de SUMOylation et phosphorylation utilisés dans la régulation de l'activité du récepteur nucléaire Nor1. Elles permettent également d’approfondir nos connaissances des rôles joués par Nor1 dans la neuroprotection en réponse au stress oxydant ainsi que dans la régulation de la stabilité du réseau de microtubules, ce qui apporte une nouvelle fonction de Nor1. Puisque Nor1 et les autres NR4A sont fortement impliqués dans la formation et maintenance du système nerveux et que les modifications post-traductionnelles peuvent réguler ces fonctions, la découverte et la caractérisation de nouveaux mécanismes de régulation de ces récepteurs ont le potentiel de nous fournir des nouvelles connaissances utiles dans le cadre des maladies neurodégénératives et autres conditions pathologiques. / To answer the many changes happening every instant in its surroundings, cells require a fine-tuned array of molecular messengers to carry on proper signal transduction and homeostasis. The superfamily of nuclear receptors contains forty-eight members implicated in a wide variety of cellular and physiological functions. The nuclear receptors of the NR4A subfamily containing Nur77/NR4A1, Nurr1/NR4A2 and Nor1/NR4A3 are heavily implicated in the development and maintenance of the nervous system. In particular, Nor1/NR4A3 has been shown to be essential for axonal guidance and neuronal survival in the hippocampus. This subfamily also operates differently from other nuclear receptors as they are considered constitutively active orphan nuclear receptors without known endogenous ligand. Therefore, there is an increasing need to identify critical mechanisms that regulate NR4A nuclear receptors and to better understand the control of their activities in a neuronal context. Nuclear receptor activity can be regulated in various ways independently of their interaction with an endogenous ligand. One is through post-translational modifications which allow the regulation of protein function depending on the cellular context. SUMOylation and phosphorylation are post-translational modifications with the potential to regulate nuclear receptor activity, stability and target gene expression. In this thesis, the impact of a canonical SUMOylation site and a phosphorylation dependant SUMOylation motif on the orphan nuclear receptor Nor1 are studied. In the first study, a newly identified non-canonical SUMOylation motif on Nor1 was described. This new motif named pSuM was first identified on the nuclear estrogen receptor ERβ and farnesoid X receptor FXR. We report that this pSuM is located at Lys-137 on Nor1 and is a target of SUMO2. The pSuM differs from traditional SUMOylation motif since it requires to be phosphorylated for SUMOylation to occur. For Nor1, our evidence showed that the obligate phosphorylation of the pSuM on Ser-139 occurred through the MAPK pathway. SUMOylation of Nor1 pSuM reduced Nor1 transcriptional competence, responsive gene expression and chromatin binding. Interestingly, the pSuM of Nor1 also possesses an extension phosphorylated by the CK2 kinase, which is essential to achieve the SUMOylation process. This extension also affected Nor1 protein stability and transcriptional activity. Using stable SH-SY5Y cell lines expressing different SUMO mutants of Nor1, we also showed that Nor1 pSuM SUMOylation reduced cell proliferation and survival to oxidative stress. In the second study, the SUMOylation of Nor1 on a canonical SUMOylation site found at Lys-89 was characterized. This SUMOylation site was found to be targeted mainly by SUMO1 and to be important in maintaining optimal transcriptional competency and stability of the receptor. This SUMOylation also regulated proliferation and survival to a nocodazole treatment of stable cell lines, as well as microtubule network stability. In conclusion, these studies provide novel mechanisms in the regulation of Nor1 activity by SUMOylation and phosphorylation. They also helped to expand our knowledge on the role played by Nor1 in neuroprotection in response to oxidative stress, as well as in the regulation of microtubule stability, which identified a new function of Nor1. Since Nor1 and other NR4A receptors are implicated in the formation and maintenance of the nervous system, the identification of post-translational modifications as a regulatory mechanism uncovers novel opportunities in our understanding of these receptors and provide new insights for neurodegenerative diseases and other neuropathological conditions.