ANSI/ANS 8.3 “Criticality Accident Alarm System”, Appendix B states “Determining the adequacy of criticality alarm detector placement is far from an exact process”. With this statement in mind a novel method for establishing areas of acceptable Criticality Accident Alarm System (CAAS) coverage was developed and demonstrated utilizing Los Alamos’ Monte Carlo N-Particle Code 5 (MCNP5) in multigroup Adjoint. Validation of the methodology was shown in the comparison of benchmark calculations with empirical results of Sandia testing and with hand calculations utilizing ANS 8.3. Demonstration involved the determination of zones of CAAS coverage from detector sensitivity maps generated by MCNP5 for a conceptual geometry of a new storage facility involving homogenized concrete and BoroBond® slabs. Multiple detector coverage was further demonstrated through the superimposing of several maps corresponding to differing detector locations.

This paper assesses the uncertainty associated with the utilization and implementation of advanced fuel cycles to control plutonium inventories. The specific fuel cycles investigated are a partially closed cycle utilizing MOX reactors and completely closed one-tier fuel cycles utilizing fast reactors. Multiple methods for assessing these uncertainties were utilized. A scenario approach that varied the time and number of the implementation of the advanced reactors was used. It was found that the implementation of 3 FR/yr with a CR of 0.5 could reduce the amount of Pu by over 36% in reference to building 3 LWR/yr. In addition to reducing the inventory with respect to the reference LWR case, the growth rate can be reduced from an initial 22 tons Pu/ year growth to 5 tons Pu / year growth with the 2030 actual initial Pu inventory implementation cases. The MOX cases keep the Pu/ TWhe inventory slightly above 1 ton Pu/TWhe and the extremely low CR FR cases even lower than that value. Thus from this work the extremely low CR FR scenarios show the greatest ability to control the growing Pu inventory. In addition to the scenario approach a Monte Carlo uncertainty model was developed and analyzed. The uncertainty analysis showed the high burn up cases are comparable with the of the low CR FR cases in there ability to control the Pu inventory with the Pu inventories ranging from 2500 tons of Pu to 7500 tons of Pu. However, for the high burn up cases the majority of the Pu is Out-Of-Pile as opposed to the FR cases where a considerable amount of the Pu is In-Pile. From a proliferation stand point, the low CR FR case is better at the controlling the Pu inventory because the total inventories are relatively the same for the majority of the runs, and the FR cases keep most of the Pu In-Pile rather than the high burn up cases which keep most of it Out-Of-Pile. Lastly, a brief economic uncertainty model was developed. The economic results show that the once-through cycle is the cheapest with over 50% of the test cases coming in cheaper than all of the FR and MOX cases. The FR cases come out to be the next cheapest with the MOX cases being the most expensive.

The hydrocyclone is commonly used to separate oil from water, and particulates from fluid streams in various process industries. Two-fluid hydrodynamic theory is used here to develop a model for hydrocyclone performance in the application of separation of helium bubbles larger than 30 micron in diameter from liquid mercury at system pressure near 1 bar. The application is related to high power liquid metal target development for proton beams used in spallation neutron sources.

Cavitation is a significant concern for the reliable operation of a centrifugal pump. Liquid metal flow loops are used in nuclear, chemical, metal forming, and liquid metal dynamo applications. Understanding of the cavitation characteristics of liquid metals is increasingly important to the design and operation of these facilities. One recent field of cavitation research has developed for mercury flow in spallation targets used in neutron sources. To further the understanding of mercury cavitation, a review of the existing literature on water cavitation, liquid metal cavitation, and mercury cavitation is performed. The mechanics of cavitation and the analytical methods applied to cavitation problems are discussed and analyzed. Acoustic data from the centrifugal pump for the mercury flow loop at the Spallation Neutron Source in Oak Ridge National Laboratory are examined.

Spallation Neutron Source at Oak Ridge National Laboratory is a neutron source operating with a liquid mercury target. Pulsed energy deposition in the target from the proton beam causes pressure waves that limit operation due to cavitation damage on the target container. Damage mitigation is proposed through the introduction of a 0.5 per cent gas volume fraction of small diameter bubbles to create compressibility in mercury. Desired bubble diameter is 30 microns, and two ultrasonic methods are studied for detection and characterization of such bubbles. These methods are tested first in water, and then in mercury. Ultrasound Doppler velocity profiler directly measures bubble rise velocity, which is then used to determine bubble diameter. Ultrasonic imaging allows direct observation of the bubbles both in water and in mercury. However, challenges were encountered in medical ultrasound image optimization and interpretation for this engineering application. This research explores techniques for implementing ultrasound in opaque fluids for bubble rise velocity and diameter characterization

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 1977. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the World Wide Web.

The current "diffusion-retention" model for protein trafficking to the inner nuclear membrane (INM) proposes that INM proteins diffuse laterally from the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum into the INM and are then retained in the INM by binding to nuclear proteins or DNA. Because some data indicate that the sorting of baculovirus envelope proteins to the INM is protein-mediated, we have examined the early stages of INM protein integration and sorting using photocrosslinking. Both viral and host INM-directed proteins were integrated cotranslationally through the endoplasmic reticulum translocon, and their nonrandom photocrosslinking to two translocon proteins, Sec61± and translocating chain-associated membrane protein (TRAM), revealed that the first transmembrane sequence (TMS) of each viral and host INM-directed protein occupied a very similar location within the translocon. Because few TMSs of non-INM-directed membrane proteins photocrosslink to TRAM, it seems that the INM-directed TMSs occupy different sites within the translocon than do non-INM-directed TMSs. The distinct proximities of translocon components to INM-directed TMSs strongly suggest that such TMSs are recognized and initially sorted within the translocon. Previous work with the envelope protein ODV-E66 (E66) showed that E66 trafficking to the INM is mediated via an INM sorting signal (Sorting Motif or SM). In this study, using a site-specific crosslinking approach we demonstrate that following ER membrane integration, the SM is adjacent to two viral proteins: FP25K & BV/ODV-E26 (E26). Deletion of FP25K from the viral genome results in the accumulation of E66 at the ONM, suggesting that FP25K may facilitate protein movement at the nuclear pore. While the role of the E66-E26 interaction remains to be determined, these data suggest that E66 trafficking to the INM is a protein-facilitated process. Crosslinking experiments using E66 integration intermediates revealed that during co-translational integration at the ER, the SM is adjacent to two cellular proteins of ~10kDa and ~25kDa, referred to as SMAP 10 (SM associated protein of 10kDa) & SMAP25 respectively. Thus, contrary to the widely accepted "diffusion-retention" model for protein trafficking to the INM, our data indicate that protein sorting to the INM is a multistep process initiated upon membrane integration in which the INM sorting signal sequentially associates with various sorting factors.

<p>This dissertation describes the first study of three-body photodisintegration of polarized 3He (&#947;3He &#8594; npp) with a circularly polarized photon beam.</p> <p>This measurement was carried out at the High Intensity &#947;-Ray Source(HI&#947;S) facility located at Duke University Free Electron Laser Laboratory and the incoming photon energy was 11.4 MeV. A high-pressure polarized 3He target based on spin exchange optical pumping (SEOP) of hybrid alkali was employed. Two methods--Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Electron</p> <p>Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR)--were used to measure the polarization, which was determined to be &#8764; 42%.</p> <p>The data from the experiment were analyzed and a GEANT4 simulation was carried out to determine the corrections for finite geometry, neutron multiple scattering and detector efficiencies used in this experiment. The results are compared to the state-of-the-art three-body calculations and agreements are observed within rather large statistical uncertainties of the measurement. This experiment represents the first measurement of the asymmetry using spin-dependent 3He photodisintegration.</p> <p>The unpolarized differential cross section and helicity-dependent differential cross-section difference results are also presented and compared to the same theoretical calculations followed by a discussion of the results. Total cross section is also extracted using two different methods and agrees well with the theoretical prediction.</p> <p>New developments including a Sol-Gel coated pyrex 3He cell since the experiment are then presented. The in-beam test results of the aforementioned target cell from May 2009 test run are included and the prospect of future three-body photodisintegration is discussed in the end.</p> / Dissertation

<p>Parton distribution functions (PDFs) provide important information about the flavor and spin structure of nucleon, which is one of the most fundamental building blocks of nature. Furthermore, they can also shed light on quantum chromodynamics (QCD) in the confinement region. Inclusive deep inelastic scattering (DIS) has been one of the most common tools in accessing PDFs through the measurement</p><p>of structure functions. Moreover, the cross section in semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering (SIDIS), which is the product of PDFs and fragmentation functions (FF), which describe the parton hadronization process due to the color force, provides additional information about PDFs. With recent theoretical developments in the framework of the transverse momentum dependent parton distribution functions</p><p>(TMDs), the importance of SIDIS process have been widely recognized and accepted, since the inclusive DIS will not be able to attain the information of parton transverse momentum.</p><p>JLab experiment E06-010 is measuring the target single spin asymmetry (SSA) in SIDIS from the n (e, e&#8242;&#960;+,&#8722;)X reaction with a transversely polarized 3He (effective polarized neutron) target at JLab Hall A with a 5.89 GeV incident electron beam. The kinematic coverage is 0.13 < x < 0.41 and 1.31 < Q2 < 3.1 (GeV2). This experiment represents the first SSA measurement from the SIDIS n (e, e&#8242;&#960;±)X process. One of the main objectives of the experiment is to measure the Collins asymmetry,</p><p>which in turn constrains the "transversity", one of the PDFs whose direct physical interpretation is the probability of finding a transversely polarized parton inside a transversely polarized nucleon. The other main objective of the experiment is to measure the Sivers asymmetry which reveals important information about correlations between the parton transverse momentum and the nucleon spin. The Sivers asymmetry is closely linked to the parton's orbital angular momentum, which is one important piece in understanding the nucleon spin in terms of quark and gluon</p><p>degrees of freedom. </p><p>This dissertation will first give an introduction to QCD, SIDIS and current</p><p>theoretical and the experimental status of SSA. Next the experimental setup of E06-010 will be described, followed by the data analysis procedure to extract the Collins/Sivers asymmetries. In the end, the preliminary results from the data analysis will be shown and discussed.</p> / Dissertation

The current "diffusion-retention" model for protein trafficking to the inner nuclear membrane (INM) proposes that INM proteins diffuse laterally from the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum into the INM and are then retained in the INM by binding to nuclear proteins or DNA. Because some data indicate that the sorting of baculovirus envelope proteins to the INM is protein-mediated, we have examined the early stages of INM protein integration and sorting using photocrosslinking. Both viral and host INM-directed proteins were integrated cotranslationally through the endoplasmic reticulum translocon, and their nonrandom photocrosslinking to two translocon proteins, Sec61± and translocating chain-associated membrane protein (TRAM), revealed that the first transmembrane sequence (TMS) of each viral and host INM-directed protein occupied a very similar location within the translocon. Because few TMSs of non-INM-directed membrane proteins photocrosslink to TRAM, it seems that the INM-directed TMSs occupy different sites within the translocon than do non-INM-directed TMSs. The distinct proximities of translocon components to INM-directed TMSs strongly suggest that such TMSs are recognized and initially sorted within the translocon. Previous work with the envelope protein ODV-E66 (E66) showed that E66 trafficking to the INM is mediated via an INM sorting signal (Sorting Motif or SM). In this study, using a site-specific crosslinking approach we demonstrate that following ER membrane integration, the SM is adjacent to two viral proteins: FP25K & BV/ODV-E26 (E26). Deletion of FP25K from the viral genome results in the accumulation of E66 at the ONM, suggesting that FP25K may facilitate protein movement at the nuclear pore. While the role of the E66-E26 interaction remains to be determined, these data suggest that E66 trafficking to the INM is a protein-facilitated process. Crosslinking experiments using E66 integration intermediates revealed that during co-translational integration at the ER, the SM is adjacent to two cellular proteins of ~10kDa and ~25kDa, referred to as SMAP 10 (SM associated protein of 10kDa) & SMAP25 respectively. Thus, contrary to the widely accepted "diffusion-retention" model for protein trafficking to the INM, our data indicate that protein sorting to the INM is a multistep process initiated upon membrane integration in which the INM sorting signal sequentially associates with various sorting factors.