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Infant number perception : a developmental approachBrez, Caitlin Christine 01 June 2010 (has links)
Infant number perception is a topic that has been studied for many years,
but many questions remain regarding what cues infants use to make these
discriminations, when and how these abilities develop, and what systems are
responsible for infants’ number processing. In the domain of small number
perception (quantities less than four), researchers have studied the effects of
continuous extent on infants’ number discrimination (Clearfield & Mix, 1999;
2001). While evidence exists that infants can use continuous extent to make
discriminations, it is not clear how much influence continuous extent has on
infants’ behavior in these tasks. Another issue that has not been thoroughly
addressed is the role of featural information in number discrimination. Few
studies exist in which featural information is manipulated so that this issue can be
addressed. The current study was designed to address these issues as well as to
study infant number discrimination from a developmental perspective across several ages. Infants, aged 9-, 11-, and 13-months, completed a categorization
task in which they were habituated to pictures of objects (e.g. bowl, tree, shoe) in
either groups of two or groups of three. They saw four different sets of objects
throughout habituation. In the test phase, infants saw both new and old objects in
both groups of two and three. The 9-month-olds discriminated number
independent of whether the object was familiar or novel. In contrast, the 11-
month-olds appeared to discriminate between the familiar and novel objects.
And, the 13-month-olds exhibited a combination of these two patterns; they
discriminated between the familiar and novel object when the number of objects
was familiar, but not when the number of objects was novel. These data suggest
that number is an easily abstracted construct and that early number
representations do not contain any featural information. As infants get older, they
begin to incorporate featural information into their representations, but they do so
in a step-wise fashion, as demonstrated by the 13-month-olds. Therefore, featural
information does not appear to be important for small number discrimination at
early ages, but infants do begin to integrate featural information as they develop. / text
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Vzájemný vztah výkonnosti v principiálně různých kognitivních testech: diskriminační učení vs numerické schopnosti a vliv sociálního postavení ve skupině / Interaction between performances in different cognitive tests: discrimination learning vs numerical competence tests and influence of the social status in the groupKovácsová, Denisa January 2016 (has links)
Absolute numerousness judgement (ANJ) is numerical competence in which the concrete number is discriminated. ANJ hasn't been tested in pigeons (Columba livia) yet. Therefore six individuals were tested in discrimination of number "three" from ratio 2 vs. 3: two pigeons on "touch screen" and all six by opening small bowls that were closed by discriminated stimulus. Pigeons didn't reach required level of 70 % (they answered with success approx. 30 - 65 %) in any testing environment. Mixed presentation was created such as control of size, possition and shape of discrimination stimulus. It was also studied wheather pigeons used alternative strategies. Success in ANJ was compared with previous discrimination tasks (Kocourková, 2016) in both environment (discrimination of reduced black and white stimulus on the cap and discrimination of round-shaped black and white areas in the Skinner box). If was found out that pigeons weren't able to learn in the same condition discrimination 2 vs. 3 stimulus during the same number of trials which they needed in the previous discrimination task. During answering to the stimulus they didn't use any alternative strategies with one exception. The effect of social hierarchy in the group on the performance of pigeons wasn't found out. Keywords: Columba livia, numerical...
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