The present text, submitted to the University of Liège in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Docteur en Sciences de lIngénieur, aims at improving the understanding and description of air‐water interactions in transient flows. A particular emphasis is set on phenomena relevant in civil and environmental engineering, like rivers, pipes, and hydraulic structures. Theoretical results of this doctoral research may be summarized in two main propositions. First, I show that any mathematical model for free surface flows can be extended to pressurized flows. Second, the multiphase drift‐flux model is proven an adequate alternative to Navier‐ Stokes equations in civil and environmental engineering. These propositions underpin the development of original mathematical models and new computational codes (WOLF1D and WOLF IMPack). Validation and application on actual cases prove the efficiency of the new approach. Original concepts introduced in this thesis pave the way for further research on environmental flows, especially on the mathematical description of transport phenomena (pollutants, sediments) and heterogeneous interactions (vegetation, rough bed).