Dentre os tratamentos térmicos, a têmpera, que consiste no resfriamento rápido do aço, após a austenitização, é um dos mais utilizados. Neste tratamento o que se busca é uma estrutura martensítica, que confere aos aços maior dureza e resistência. A água, as soluções de polímeros e os óleos são os meios refrigerantes mais comumente usados para temperar aços. Os óleos mais utilizados como meio de resfriamento, são os de origem mineral. Para melhorar o desempenho deste tipo de óleo costuma-se utilizar aditivos, como aceleradores e molhantes. Tais aditivos atuam principalmente no primeiro e no segundo estágios do resfriamento (estágios do filme de vapor e formação de bolhas respectivamente). Utilizando aditivos a base de sais de cálcio e um óleo mineral parafínico da empresa Microquímica, foi formulado um óleo para têmpera, visando obter um óleo acelerado e, desta forma verificamos o aumento na taxa de resfriamento, bem como seu desempenho com a variação na temperatura de trabalho (60°C e 80°C). / Among heat treating the quenching, that is speed cooling the steel after austenitizing, is the more utilised. In this treatment the seek is martensite structure, that confer of steel full hardness and strenght. The water, polymer solutions and oils are the quenchant very usually for quencher steels. The oils very used how quenchant are mineral oils. For improve the performance this type of oil to get used to utilize additive, how accelerators and wetts. This additives actuate principally in the first and second cooling stages (vapour phase and boiling respectivally). Utilizing additives based in calcium salt and a mineral oil by Microquímica Company, can be formulated a quenching oil, direct obtain a speed oil, so that check increased in the cooling rate, and also the performance with changed worlk temperature (60°C and 80°C).

Dentre os tratamentos térmicos, a têmpera, que consiste no resfriamento rápido do aço, após a austenitização, é um dos mais utilizados. Neste tratamento o que se busca é uma estrutura martensítica, que confere aos aços maior dureza e resistência. A água, as soluções de polímeros e os óleos são os meios refrigerantes mais comumente usados para temperar aços. Os óleos mais utilizados como meio de resfriamento, são os de origem mineral. Para melhorar o desempenho deste tipo de óleo costuma-se utilizar aditivos, como aceleradores e molhantes. Tais aditivos atuam principalmente no primeiro e no segundo estágios do resfriamento (estágios do filme de vapor e formação de bolhas respectivamente). Utilizando aditivos a base de sais de cálcio e um óleo mineral parafínico da empresa Microquímica, foi formulado um óleo para têmpera, visando obter um óleo acelerado e, desta forma verificamos o aumento na taxa de resfriamento, bem como seu desempenho com a variação na temperatura de trabalho (60°C e 80°C). / Among heat treating the quenching, that is speed cooling the steel after austenitizing, is the more utilised. In this treatment the seek is martensite structure, that confer of steel full hardness and strenght. The water, polymer solutions and oils are the quenchant very usually for quencher steels. The oils very used how quenchant are mineral oils. For improve the performance this type of oil to get used to utilize additive, how accelerators and wetts. This additives actuate principally in the first and second cooling stages (vapour phase and boiling respectivally). Utilizing additives based in calcium salt and a mineral oil by Microquímica Company, can be formulated a quenching oil, direct obtain a speed oil, so that check increased in the cooling rate, and also the performance with changed worlk temperature (60°C and 80°C).

Thesis (M.Sc.)--Memorial University of Newfoundland, 2004. / Bibliography: leaves 147-168.

Thesis (M.Sc.)--Memorial University of Newfoundland, 2005. / Bibliography: leaves 128-138.

Alternative fuels are becoming important due to diminishing fossil fuel reserves and the environmental hazards associated with exhaust gases. Biodiesel is an attractive alternative fuel because it is environmentally friendly and can be synthesized from edible/non-edible oils. Though several methods are available for synthesis, transesterification is the preferred route for biodiesel synthesis. The current techniques for transesterification of the oils to biodiesel are based on acid/alkali catalysis. However, these methods do not work for oils with high free fatty acid content and also require an additional downstream step for separation of catalyst from the product. In this work, we investigate the synthesis of biodiesel by two techniques: in supercritical methanol and ethanol without any catalyst; in supercritical carbon dioxide using enzyme as catalyst. In the first technique, the transesterification of refined grade edible oil like sunflower oil, palm oil and groundnut oil, and crude non-edible oils like Pongamia pinnata and Jatropha curcas was investigated in supercritical methanol and ethanol without using any catalyst from 200 oC to 400 oC at 200 bar. The variables affecting the conversion during transesterification, such as molar ratio of alcohol to oil, temperature and time were investigated in supercritical methanol and ethanol. The conversion to biodiesel increased from 30-40% at a molar ratio of 10 to 80-85% at a molar ratio of 45 to 50. Very high conversions (96-97%) were obtained in supercritical methanol and ethanol within 30 minutes at 350 oC. The kinetics of the reaction was modeled, the rate coefficients and activation energies were determined. As an enzymatic transesterification in organic solvents is mass transfer limited, supercritical fluids are found to be a better alternative because of their gas like diffusivity. Among potentially interesting solvents for enzymatic synthesis, carbon dioxide is the most obvious choice in supercritical fluids, because it is non-toxic, nonflammable and easily available. Because the products and the enzyme do not dissolve in carbon dioxide at room conditions, separation can easily be achieved by reduction of pressure Thus, the enzymatic transesterification for production of biodiesel in supercritical fluids under mild conditions is of commercial interest. Therefore, biodiesel was synthesized using immobilized enzyme (Lipase, Novozym-435) in supercritical carbon dioxide. The effect of reaction variables like temperature, molar ratio, enzyme loading and kinetics of the reaction was investigated. The conversion to biodiesel was found to be lower in supercritical carbon dioxide than that in supercritical alcohol.

The present study sought for practical ways to improve the frying performance of oils without compromising the availability of the essential fatty acids and nutraceuticals. To this end, the influence of temperature, oxygen concentrations, and compositions of minor components on frying performance was investigated. A novel frying protocol, utilizing carbon dioxide blanketing, was developed and found to significantly improve the performance of the frying oil. Optimizing both the amounts and the compositions of endogenous minor components also improved the performance of the frying oil. Twenty one novel antioxidants were synthesized and evaluated under frying and storage conditions. Antioxidant formulations consisting of a combination of endogenous and synthesized antioxidants were developed and tested in an institutional frying operation. A rapid and effective frying test was developed to assess the frying performance of oils and applied antioxidants. Furthermore, a novel procedure for direct hydroxynonenal analysis in frying oil was developed. / xx, 249 leaves; 29 cm

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2005. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Mémoire (M.P.M.O)-- Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1991. / Bibliogr.: f. [113]-118. Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU

Thesis (M.S.)--Mississippi State University. Department of Food Science, Nutrition, and Health Promotion. / Title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1997. / Restricted until December 2000. Bibliography: leaves [252]-282.