Innerhalb der Verkehrsinfrastrukturen ist das Straßenwesen mit seinen individualistischen und flexiblen Kraftfahrzeugen der große Gewinner des letzen Jahrhunderts. Trotz seines individualistischen Nutzungscharakters und privatwirtschaftlichen Beispielen in anderen Ländern ist in Deutschland heute keine andere Verkehrsinfrastruktur so weit von einer Deregulierung entfernt wie die Straßen. Den Ausgangspunkt der Erklärung dieser Rigidität bildet eine Situationsaufnahme der bestehenden Marktorganisation. Prägnant erweist sich die tiefe Integration der Straßenbereitstellung in die öffentliche Verwaltung und Entscheidungen über den politischen Prozess unter Beteiligung aller Gesellschaftsgruppierungen. Fragen wirft dabei unter anderen die kontroverse Diskussion um die Externalitäten der Straßen und ihres Verkehrs auf. Die Klärung verweist auf eine Effizienzbetrachtung des bestehenden Bereitstellungssystems. Problematisch zeigt sich hier aufgrund der politischen Heterogenität der Gesellschaftsgruppierungen insbesondere der politische Entscheidungsprozess. Die Suche nach einer Lösung verweist auf privatwirtschaftliche Bereitstellungsalternativen. Es zeigt sich, dass hierfür sowohl in rechtlicher wie auch technischer Hinsicht die notwendigen Rahmenbedingungen für eine privatwirtschaftliche Organisation ebenso bestehen wie auch erhebliche Effizienzgewinne zu erwarten wären. Als eigentliches Hindernis identifiziert sich auch hier eine Neuordnung, die notwendigerweise über den politischen Prozess stattfindenden muss. Der eigene Erfolg der Straßen mit seiner gewachsenen verkehrs- und fiskalpolitischen Bedeutung blockiert damit heute mehr denn je Hoffnungen auf eine Lösung der aufgelaufenen Probleme im Straßenwesen. / Among the various transportation infrastructures it is the roadways which represent the great success story of the last century, allowing flexible and individual use of motor vehicles. Despite the empowerment of the individual and private-sector examples in other countries, no other part of the transportation infrastructure is so far removed from achieving deregulation as the roadways of today. Forming the starting point of any explanation of this rigidity is a consideration of the existing market organization. Proving to be of great significance is the fact that the provisioning of roadways has traditionally been deeply integrated within public administration and decision making by the political process with participation of all public groups. The question thereby raised is the controversial discussion of externalities in connection with roadways and motor vehicles. Clarification of this issue requires an efficiency analysis of the current system. Manifesting itself as particularly problematic is the political decision making process due to heterogeneous social groups. The attempt to localize a solution leads to the possibility of a private economic reorganization. It becomes apparent that the necessary juristic and technical frameworks for private reorganization exist and that significant gains in efficiency could be expected. The effective obstacle proves to be the necessary reorganisation by the political process. It is the very success itself of the roadway networks, with their ever growing transportation and fiscal-political importance, which hinders prospective solutions to the accrued problems of the road-based infrastructure.

Building Information Modelling (BIM) as a Model-based design facilitates to investigate multiple solutions in the infrastructure planning process. The most important reason for implementing model-based design is to help designers and to increase communication between different design parties. It decentralizes and coordinates team collaboration and facilitates faster and lossless project data exchange and management across extended teams and external partners in project lifecycle. Infrastructure are fundamental facilities, services, and installations needed for the functioning of a community or society, such as transportation, roads, communication systems, water and power networks, as well as power plants. Geospatial Information Systems (GIS) as the digital representation of the world are systems for maintaining, managing, modelling, analyzing, and visualizing of the world data including infrastructure. High level infrastructure suits mostly facilitate to analyze the infrastructure design based on the international or user defined standards. Called regulation1-based design, this minimizes errors, reduces costly design conflicts, increases time savings and provides consistent project quality, yet mostly in standalone solutions. Tasks of infrastructure usually require both model based and regulation based design packages. Infrastructure tasks deal with cross-domain information. However, the corresponding data is split in several domain models. Besides infrastructure projects demand a lot of decision makings on governmental as well as on private level considering different data models. Therefore lossless flow of project data as well as documents like regulations across project team, stakeholders, governmental and private level is highly important. Yet infrastructure projects have largely been absent from product modelling discourses for a long time. Thus, as will be explained in chapter 2 interoperability is needed in infrastructure processes. Multimodel (MM) is one of the interoperability methods which enable heterogeneous data models from various domains get bundled together into a container keeping their original format. Existing interoperability methods including existing MM solutions can’t satisfactorily fulfill the typical demands of infrastructure information processes like dynamic data resources and a huge amount of inter model relations. Therefore chapter 3 concept of infrastructure information modelling investigates a method for loose and rule based coupling of exchangeable heterogeneous information spaces. This hypothesis is an extension for the existing MM to a rule-based Multimodel named extended Multimodel (eMM) with semantic rules – instead of static links. The semantic rules will be used to describe relations between data elements of various models dynamically in a link-database. Most of the confusion about geospatial data models arises from their diversity. In some of these data models spatial IDs are the basic identities of entities and in some other data models there are no IDs. That is why in the geospatial data, data structure is more important than data models. There are always spatial indexes that enable accessing to the geodata. The most important unification of data models involved in infrastructure projects is the spatiality. Explained in chapter 4 the method of infrastructure information modelling for interoperation in spatial domains generate interlinks through spatial identity of entities. Match finding through spatial links enables any kind of data models sharing spatial property get interlinked. Through such spatial links each entity receives the spatial information from other data models which is related to the target entity due to sharing equivalent spatial index. This information will be the virtual properties for the object. The thesis uses Nearest Neighborhood algorithm for spatial match finding and performs filtering and refining approaches. For the abstraction of the spatial matching results hierarchical filtering techniques are used for refining the virtual properties. These approaches focus on two main application areas which are product model and Level of Detail (LoD). For the eMM suggested in this thesis a rule based interoperability method between arbitrary data models of spatial domain has been developed. The implementation of this method enables transaction of data in spatial domains run loss less. The system architecture and the implementation which has been applied on the case study of this thesis namely infrastructure and geospatial data models are described in chapter 5. Achieving afore mentioned aims results in reducing the whole project lifecycle costs, increasing reliability of the comprehensive fundamental information, and consequently in independent, cost-effective, aesthetically pleasing, and environmentally sensitive infrastructure design.:ABSTRACT 4 KEYWORDS 7 TABLE OF CONTENT 8 LIST OF FIGURES 9 LIST OF TABLES 11 LIST OF ABBREVIATION 12 INTRODUCTION 13 1.1. A GENERAL VIEW 14 1.2. PROBLEM STATEMENT 15 1.3. OBJECTIVES 17 1.4. APPROACH 18 1.5. STRUCTURE OF THESIS 18 INTEROPERABILITY IN INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING 20 2.1. STATE OF INTEROPERABILITY 21 2.1.1. Interoperability of GIS and BIM 23 2.1.2. Interoperability of GIS and Infrastructure 25 2.2. MAIN CHALLENGES AND RELATED WORK 27 2.3. INFRASTRUCTURE MODELING IN GEOSPATIAL CONTEXT 29 2.3.1. LamdXML: Infrastructure Data Standards 32 2.3.2. CityGML: Geospatial Data Standards 33 2.3.3. LandXML and CityGML 36 2.4. INTEROPERABILITY AND MULTIMODEL TECHNOLOGY 39 2.5. LIMITATIONS OF EXISTING APPROACHES 41 INFRASTRUCTURE INFORMATION MODELLING 44 3.1. MULTI MODEL FOR GEOSPATIAL AND INFRASTRUCTURE DATA MODELS 45 3.2. LINKING APPROACH, QUERYING AND FILTERING 48 3.2.1. Virtual Properties via Link Model 49 3.3. MULTI MODEL AS AN INTERDISCIPLINARY METHOD 52 3.4. USING LEVEL OF DETAIL (LOD) FOR FILTERING 53 SPATIAL MODELLING AND PROCESSING 58 4.1. SPATIAL IDENTIFIERS 59 4.1.1. Spatial Indexes 60 4.1.2. Tree-Based Spatial Indexes 61 4.2. NEAREST NEIGHBORHOOD AS A BASIC LINK METHOD 63 4.3. HIERARCHICAL FILTERING 70 4.4. OTHER FUNCTIONAL LINK METHODS 75 4.5. ADVANCES AND LIMITATIONS OF FUNCTIONAL LINK METHODS 76 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROPOSED IIM METHOD 77 5.1. IMPLEMENTATION 78 5.2. CASE STUDY 83 CONCLUSION 89 6.1. SUMMERY 90 6.2. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 92 6.3. FUTURE WORK 93 BIBLIOGRAPHY 94 7.1. BOOKS AND PAPERS 95 7.2. WEBSITES 101