No description available.

Orientador: Luis Rogério de Oliveira Hein / Banca: George de Paula Bernardes / Banca: Carlos Renato Zacharias / Banca: Arnaldo Homobono Paes de Andrade / Banca: Durval Rodrigues Júnior / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver rotinas para a reconstrução de relevos de superfícies irregulares, particularmente aquelas observadas por microscopia óptica ou eletrônica de varredura, e estudar os conceitos de imageamento envolvidos, visando definir critérios para uma futura padronização dos métodos de processamento na área de estudo de relevos. As imagens obtidas em um microcoscópio óptico Nikon Epiphot 200 e em um microscópio eletrônico de varredura 5600 LV, respectivamente, foram processadas por rotinas de reconstrução a partir do foco e a partir do paralaxe. Essas rotinas implementadas apresentam a inovação, respectivamente, de permitir que o usuário aumente o tamanho da região onde o critério de foco é empregado e a diminuição do tempo de processamento através da análise da transformada de Hartley somente na direção horizontal. Os resultados mostram que a rotina de reconstrução a partir do foco implementada neste trabalho apresentou as mesmas tendências obtidas em um rugosímetro Mitutoyo Surtest 301 e menor quantidade de ruídos quando é utilizado polarizadores; e que a rotina de reconstrução a partir do paralaxe apresenta um erro médio de 5 ± 2% para pontos do par estéreo que são epipolares. Finalmente, o menor tempo de processamento, no caso da reconstrução a partir do paralaxe, permite aumentar a resolução espacial (maior quantidade de pixels) visando diminuir a rotação usada para obter o par estéreo e consequentemente reduzir a oclusão de área e o problema de pontos não epipolares. / Abstract: The objective of this work is to develop routines for the reconstruction of irregular surfaces relieves, particularly those observed by optical microscopy or scanning electron microscopy, and to study the imaging concepts, seeking to define criteria for a future standardization of the processing methods in the area of study of relieves. The images were obtained in an optical microscope Nikon Epiphot 200 and in an scanning electron microscope 5600. They were, respectively, processed by depth from focus routine and parallax measurement. Those implemented routines present the innovation, respectively, of allowing the user to increase the size of the area where the focus criterion is used and the decrease of the time of processing through the analysis of the transformed of Hartley only in the horizontal direction. The results show that the depth from focus routine implemented in this work it presented the same tendencies obtained in a Mitutoyo Surtest 301 contact profilometer and smaller amount of noises when polarizers is used. The parallax routine presents error of 5 ± 2% for epipolar points from the stereo pair. Finally, in the case of the reconstruction from parallax is necessary to reduce the rotation used to obtain the stereo pair and to increase the space resolution (larger amount of pixels) to reduce the area occlusion and the problem of non-epipolar points.

No description available.

The leading cause of death in patients who survive subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is stroke as a result of cerebral arterial vasospasm1. Such vasospasms involve a vasoactive response, but they remain enigmatic and no clinical treatment has proven effective in prevention or reduction2. Arteries remodel in response to diverse mechanical loads and chemical factors. Following SAH, the surrounding vasculature is exposed to a radically altered chemo-mechanical environment. It is our hypothesis that chemical stimuli associated with the formation of an extravascular blood clot dominates the maladaptive growth and remodeling response early on, thus leading to important structural changes. However, it is not clear which of the many chemical factors are key players in the production of vasospasm. Before an accurate picture of the etiology of vasospasm can be produced, it is imperative to gain a better understanding of the non-pathogenic cerebral vasculature. In particular, the rabbit basilar artery is a well established model for vasospasm. However, surprisingly little is known about the mechanical properties of the rabbit basilar artery. Using an in vitro custom organ culture and mechanical testing device, acute and cultured basilar arteries from male White New Zealand specific pathogen free rabbits underwent cyclic pressurization tests at in vivo conditions and controlled levels of myogenic tone. Sections of basilar arteries were imaged for collagen fiber orientation at 0, 40 and 80 mmHg at in vivo stretch conditions using nonlinear optical microscopy. The nonlinear stress-strain curves provide baseline characteristics for acute and short-term culture basilar arteries. The active and passive testing creates a framework for interpreting the basal tone of arteries in our culture system. Nonlinear optical microscopy second harmonic generation provides unique microstructural information and allows imaging of live, intact arteries while maintaining in vivo geometries and conditions. Collagen fibers were found to be widely distributed about the axial direction in the adventitial layer and narrowly distributed about the circumferential direction in the adventitial layer. The quantified collagen fiber angles within the artery wall further support the development of accurate mathematical models.

The leading cause of death in patients who survive subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is stroke as a result of cerebral arterial vasospasm1. Such vasospasms involve a vasoactive response, but they remain enigmatic and no clinical treatment has proven effective in prevention or reduction2. Arteries remodel in response to diverse mechanical loads and chemical factors. Following SAH, the surrounding vasculature is exposed to a radically altered chemo-mechanical environment. It is our hypothesis that chemical stimuli associated with the formation of an extravascular blood clot dominates the maladaptive growth and remodeling response early on, thus leading to important structural changes. However, it is not clear which of the many chemical factors are key players in the production of vasospasm. Before an accurate picture of the etiology of vasospasm can be produced, it is imperative to gain a better understanding of the non-pathogenic cerebral vasculature. In particular, the rabbit basilar artery is a well established model for vasospasm. However, surprisingly little is known about the mechanical properties of the rabbit basilar artery. Using an in vitro custom organ culture and mechanical testing device, acute and cultured basilar arteries from male White New Zealand specific pathogen free rabbits underwent cyclic pressurization tests at in vivo conditions and controlled levels of myogenic tone. Sections of basilar arteries were imaged for collagen fiber orientation at 0, 40 and 80 mmHg at in vivo stretch conditions using nonlinear optical microscopy. The nonlinear stress-strain curves provide baseline characteristics for acute and short-term culture basilar arteries. The active and passive testing creates a framework for interpreting the basal tone of arteries in our culture system. Nonlinear optical microscopy second harmonic generation provides unique microstructural information and allows imaging of live, intact arteries while maintaining in vivo geometries and conditions. Collagen fibers were found to be widely distributed about the axial direction in the adventitial layer and narrowly distributed about the circumferential direction in the adventitial layer. The quantified collagen fiber angles within the artery wall further support the development of accurate mathematical models.

The finite-difference time-domain method is used to simulate the propagation of focused beams used for stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy as they scatter through layers of biological cells. Depletion beams that facilitate axial and lateral confinement of the fluorescence emission are modeled, and the effective point spread function of the system as a function of focal depth is assessed under one- and two-photon excitation. Results show that the lateral depletion beam retains a well-defined minimum up to the maximum simulation depth of 42 µm. In addition, the relative spatial shift between excitation and de-excitation beam foci is less than 44 nm for all simulated depths. PSF calculations suggest that sub-diffraction imaging is possible beyond the maximum simulated depth, as long as the fluorescence emission is detectable. However, strong attenuation of the fluorescence emission by the axial confinement beam may make this beam unsuitable for sub-diffraction imaging in scattering samples. / text

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:34:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2004-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:48:06Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 lucena_ef_dr_guara.pdf: 5936000 bytes, checksum: 51e90a5f9bb24ddf43485c3d765d8384 (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver rotinas para a reconstrução de relevos de superfícies irregulares, particularmente aquelas observadas por microscopia óptica ou eletrônica de varredura, e estudar os conceitos de imageamento envolvidos, visando definir critérios para uma futura padronização dos métodos de processamento na área de estudo de relevos. As imagens obtidas em um microcoscópio óptico Nikon Epiphot 200 e em um microscópio eletrônico de varredura 5600 LV, respectivamente, foram processadas por rotinas de reconstrução a partir do foco e a partir do paralaxe. Essas rotinas implementadas apresentam a inovação, respectivamente, de permitir que o usuário aumente o tamanho da região onde o critério de foco é empregado e a diminuição do tempo de processamento através da análise da transformada de Hartley somente na direção horizontal. Os resultados mostram que a rotina de reconstrução a partir do foco implementada neste trabalho apresentou as mesmas tendências obtidas em um rugosímetro Mitutoyo Surtest 301 e menor quantidade de ruídos quando é utilizado polarizadores; e que a rotina de reconstrução a partir do paralaxe apresenta um erro médio de 5 ± 2% para pontos do par estéreo que são epipolares. Finalmente, o menor tempo de processamento, no caso da reconstrução a partir do paralaxe, permite aumentar a resolução espacial (maior quantidade de pixels) visando diminuir a rotação usada para obter o par estéreo e consequentemente reduzir a oclusão de área e o problema de pontos não epipolares. / The objective of this work is to develop routines for the reconstruction of irregular surfaces relieves, particularly those observed by optical microscopy or scanning electron microscopy, and to study the imaging concepts, seeking to define criteria for a future standardization of the processing methods in the area of study of relieves. The images were obtained in an optical microscope Nikon Epiphot 200 and in an scanning electron microscope 5600. They were, respectively, processed by depth from focus routine and parallax measurement. Those implemented routines present the innovation, respectively, of allowing the user to increase the size of the area where the focus criterion is used and the decrease of the time of processing through the analysis of the transformed of Hartley only in the horizontal direction. The results show that the depth from focus routine implemented in this work it presented the same tendencies obtained in a Mitutoyo Surtest 301 contact profilometer and smaller amount of noises when polarizers is used. The parallax routine presents error of 5 ± 2% for epipolar points from the stereo pair. Finally, in the case of the reconstruction from parallax is necessary to reduce the rotation used to obtain the stereo pair and to increase the space resolution (larger amount of pixels) to reduce the area occlusion and the problem of non-epipolar points.

Controlling molecular orientation is of great importance in organic thin films due to the fact that the fundamental properties of functional nanomaterials depend on molecular orientation at the nanoscale. However, controlling molecular orientation cannot be achieved without having an extensive understanding about the controlling factors in the organic film growth processes. Most previous studies have been devoted to monolayer structures. The structure of multilayer films has not been well investigated. This study was performed using a phenomenological approach, in which the morphology and orientation of n-alkane thin films were studied as a function of substrate identity, interface treatment, substrate temperature and deposition rate. The experimental techniques that were used include IR-spectroscopy, polarized optical microscopy, and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy and X-ray microscopy. The kinetic and thermodynamic factors that govern the orientation of organic thin films were extracted from the experimental results, and generalized to make a framework by which the morphology and orientation of organic films can be predicted. Epitaxial growth was specifically considered as a method to pattern organic thin films. In epitaxial growth, the oriented crystals of an organic film grow on a crystalline substrate such that the structure of the substrate is copied by the deposit crystals. For epitaxy it is required that the lattice planes of two crystals are parallel and similar in the lattice points spacing. A minor part of this dissertation is devoted to epitaxy in an inorganic system. One of the favorable consequences of epitaxial growth in inorganic systems is lattice strain that alters the electronic properties of semiconductor devices. A synchrotron based experimental method has been developed to quantitatively measure the degree of strain in Si1-xGex alloy films grown epitaxially on the Si(100) substrate.

Fatigue crack growth in ±-Zirconium phosphate/epoxy nanocomposites was investigated. A new fatigue testing technique was implemented for miniature samples. Two different methods “strength of materials and Rayleigh-Ritz - were used in determining the bending stress. The fatigue stress and fatigue life of different nanocomposite specimens were plotted in a traditional stress-life (S-N) curve. It was inferred from the S-N plot that the values obtained from both the methods compare well. The experimental results showed that fatigue life of filled epoxy nanocomposite is more than that of the unfilled epoxy composite. A model for bending stresses, ultimate strength and the number of cycles to failure was obtained to predict a component service life without conducting elaborate tests. Scanning electron examination of the fractured surfaces revealed that the crack takes a tortuous path during its propagation course, indicating crack blunting and crack deflection roles of ZrP and CSR nanofillers, which consequently improve the fracture resistance. In case of the M-ZrP-epoxy systems, delamination of ZrP platelets from surrounding epoxy matrix was proposed as the reason behind crack growth. The improved fracture resistance of these nanocomposites was attributed to the delamination of ZrP platelets and deflection of crack direction. The superior behavior of CSR-ZrP-epoxy composites was attributed to the cavitation process and void coalescence due to CSR particles delamination.

Fluorescent nano-diamond(FND) is an unique fluorescence bio-labeling materials, which exhibit good fluorescence yield, excellent photostability, and non-toxicity. The emission color of FND is determined by the defect centers in the diamond crystal. When the defect center composed of one vacancy and two nearest-neighborhood nitrogen substitutes, it forms a H3 center. H3 center has a zero-phonon line at 496nm , and a broadband green emission around 530 nm,. When the FND contains lots of H3 centers, the emission color is green, hence it¡¦s called green FND(gFND). Since H3 centers composed of two nitrogen substitutes, it is naturally to fabricate the gFNDs by diamonds with high nitrogen substitutes. However, H3 center is not the only products when the diamond contains many nitrogen substitutes, and high density of vacancies. Other type of defect centers (NV-, NV0, ¡K) exhibit lower energy gap, and quench the emission of H3 centers. In this thesis, it aims to study the spectroscopic homogeneity of the gFNDs. Comparing the intensity of the scattering images and the corresponding fluorescence images, it provides the information of the relation between particle size and the density of color centers. Furthermore, images with different color filters are compared to provide the information of the composition of defect structures. Fluorescence lifetime image is performed for the emission dynamics of the nano-particle. The results indicate that the decay lifetime has an relation to the emission intensity. When the nano-particle contains more color centers, it quenches the emission from H3 centers more.