A principal função da arborização viária, nos últimos 30 anos, passou de apenas estética para promotora de serviços ambientais, mas essas árvores estão submetidas a diversos fatores estressantes, como a poluição do ar, a baixa disponibilidade de água, solo compactado, podas severas, e área de crescimento limitada. As redes aéreas de distribuição de energia são um dos elementos que mais interferem no manejo das árvores viárias, pois o conflito, geralmente, já está estabelecido e as concessionárias de energia optam por podas drásticas, que podem comprometer a sanidade da árvore e estimular brotações epicórmicas que crescem rapidamente e vão de encontro com as fiações. Posto isso, o presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar a taxa de crescimento de brotações epicórmicas após poda executada pela Companhia Paulista de Força e Luz (CPFL) em indivíduos das espécies tipuana (Tipuana tipu (Benth.) Kuntze), ipê-roxo (Tabebuia heptaphylla (Vell.) Mart.), e chapéu-de-sol (Terminalia catappa L.), na cidade de Piracicaba/SP e relacionar esta taxa com as características da árvore e do meio. Para isso, foi realizado levantamento em campo de variáveis como a espécie, diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP), índice de área foliar (IAF), tipo de calçada, tipo de solo, fotos do canteiro e dos brotos ao lado de uma baliza para posterior medição digital, que teve sua confiabilidade testada e aprovada nesta pesquisa. A análise foi executada com todas as espécies juntas, para cada espécie, e por classe de DAP dentro de cada espécie. O índice de crescimento médio diário para a tipuana foi de 0,360 cm; para o ipê-roxo, 0,298 cm; e para chapéu-de-sol, 0,404 cm. Houve diferença significativa entre a taxa de crescimento da espécie chapéu-de-sol e ipê-roxo, indicando que a espécie e o grupo sucessional a qual pertencem influenciam no ritmo de crescimento. Não foi constatada influência do tipo de calçada e nem do tipo de solo. O IAF também não influenciou no crescimento, a não ser em ipês com DAP entre 50 e 60 cm. A dimensão do canteiro não influenciou o crescimento dos brotos de chapéu-de-sol, mas influenciou positivamente tanto as tipuanas com 60 a 70 cm de DAP, que foram as árvores com o maior ritmo de crescimento da espécie, como os ipês com DAP entre 30 e 40 cm que ainda estão vigorosos e suas raízes continuam explorando o solo. Os estudos com essa temática são poucos e fatores como clima, época de poda e histórico de manejo da área podem exercer influência na resposta da árvore à poda. Portanto, é sugerido maior tempo de estudo com os mesmos indivíduos e a inclusão de mais árvores. / The main function of the street trees, in the last 30 years, had been switched from aesthetic to the promotion of environmental services. However, this trees are submitted to a lot of stressful factors like limited growth aerea, air pollution, low water availability, compacted soil and drastic pruning. Aerial power networks distribution are the elements that most interfere with the management of street trees, because the conflict is usually already established and the energy concessionaires opt for drastic pruning, which can compromise tree sanity and stimulate epicormic shoots, that grows quickly toward the aerial networks. Therefore, the present study had the objective of determining the growth rate of epicormic shoots after it having been pruned by CPFL for the species Tipuana tipu (Benth.) Kuntze; Tabebuia heptaphylla (Vell.) Mart.; and Terminalia catappa L. in the city of Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil, and relate this rate to the tree and environment characteristics. For that, a field survey was made of variables such as the species, diameter at breast height (DBH), leaf area index (LAI), type of pavement, type of soil, and photos of the treebed and shoots next to a beacon for later digital measurement, which had its reliability tested and approved in this study. The analysis was performed with all species together, for each species separately, and by dbh class within each species. The average daily growth rate for Tipuana tipu was 0.360 cm; for Tabebuia heptaphylla was 0.298 cm; and for Terminalia catappa was 0.404 cm. There was a significant difference between the growth rate of Terminalia catappa and Tabebuia heptaphylla, indicating that the species and its successional group influence the growth rhythm. There was no influence of the type of sidewalk or of the type of soil in the growth rate. The LAI also did not influence any growth, just for Tabebuia Heptaphylla with DBH between 50 and 60 cm. The treebed area did not influenced the Terminalia catappa shoots growth, but it had influenced positively the Tipuana tipu with 60 to 70 cm of DBH, wich were the trees with the greater growth rate of the species, as much as the Tabebuia heptaphylla with DBH between 30 and 40 cm, which are at a fairly vigorous age and their roots continue to explore the soil. There are a few studies with this theme and factors such as climate, pruning season and area management history can influence tree response to pruning. Therefore, longer study time with the same individuals and more trees included is suggested.

A principal função da arborização viária, nos últimos 30 anos, passou de apenas estética para promotora de serviços ambientais, mas essas árvores estão submetidas a diversos fatores estressantes, como a poluição do ar, a baixa disponibilidade de água, solo compactado, podas severas, e área de crescimento limitada. As redes aéreas de distribuição de energia são um dos elementos que mais interferem no manejo das árvores viárias, pois o conflito, geralmente, já está estabelecido e as concessionárias de energia optam por podas drásticas, que podem comprometer a sanidade da árvore e estimular brotações epicórmicas que crescem rapidamente e vão de encontro com as fiações. Posto isso, o presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar a taxa de crescimento de brotações epicórmicas após poda executada pela Companhia Paulista de Força e Luz (CPFL) em indivíduos das espécies tipuana (Tipuana tipu (Benth.) Kuntze), ipê-roxo (Tabebuia heptaphylla (Vell.) Mart.), e chapéu-de-sol (Terminalia catappa L.), na cidade de Piracicaba/SP e relacionar esta taxa com as características da árvore e do meio. Para isso, foi realizado levantamento em campo de variáveis como a espécie, diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP), índice de área foliar (IAF), tipo de calçada, tipo de solo, fotos do canteiro e dos brotos ao lado de uma baliza para posterior medição digital, que teve sua confiabilidade testada e aprovada nesta pesquisa. A análise foi executada com todas as espécies juntas, para cada espécie, e por classe de DAP dentro de cada espécie. O índice de crescimento médio diário para a tipuana foi de 0,360 cm; para o ipê-roxo, 0,298 cm; e para chapéu-de-sol, 0,404 cm. Houve diferença significativa entre a taxa de crescimento da espécie chapéu-de-sol e ipê-roxo, indicando que a espécie e o grupo sucessional a qual pertencem influenciam no ritmo de crescimento. Não foi constatada influência do tipo de calçada e nem do tipo de solo. O IAF também não influenciou no crescimento, a não ser em ipês com DAP entre 50 e 60 cm. A dimensão do canteiro não influenciou o crescimento dos brotos de chapéu-de-sol, mas influenciou positivamente tanto as tipuanas com 60 a 70 cm de DAP, que foram as árvores com o maior ritmo de crescimento da espécie, como os ipês com DAP entre 30 e 40 cm que ainda estão vigorosos e suas raízes continuam explorando o solo. Os estudos com essa temática são poucos e fatores como clima, época de poda e histórico de manejo da área podem exercer influência na resposta da árvore à poda. Portanto, é sugerido maior tempo de estudo com os mesmos indivíduos e a inclusão de mais árvores. / The main function of the street trees, in the last 30 years, had been switched from aesthetic to the promotion of environmental services. However, this trees are submitted to a lot of stressful factors like limited growth aerea, air pollution, low water availability, compacted soil and drastic pruning. Aerial power networks distribution are the elements that most interfere with the management of street trees, because the conflict is usually already established and the energy concessionaires opt for drastic pruning, which can compromise tree sanity and stimulate epicormic shoots, that grows quickly toward the aerial networks. Therefore, the present study had the objective of determining the growth rate of epicormic shoots after it having been pruned by CPFL for the species Tipuana tipu (Benth.) Kuntze; Tabebuia heptaphylla (Vell.) Mart.; and Terminalia catappa L. in the city of Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil, and relate this rate to the tree and environment characteristics. For that, a field survey was made of variables such as the species, diameter at breast height (DBH), leaf area index (LAI), type of pavement, type of soil, and photos of the treebed and shoots next to a beacon for later digital measurement, which had its reliability tested and approved in this study. The analysis was performed with all species together, for each species separately, and by dbh class within each species. The average daily growth rate for Tipuana tipu was 0.360 cm; for Tabebuia heptaphylla was 0.298 cm; and for Terminalia catappa was 0.404 cm. There was a significant difference between the growth rate of Terminalia catappa and Tabebuia heptaphylla, indicating that the species and its successional group influence the growth rhythm. There was no influence of the type of sidewalk or of the type of soil in the growth rate. The LAI also did not influence any growth, just for Tabebuia Heptaphylla with DBH between 50 and 60 cm. The treebed area did not influenced the Terminalia catappa shoots growth, but it had influenced positively the Tipuana tipu with 60 to 70 cm of DBH, wich were the trees with the greater growth rate of the species, as much as the Tabebuia heptaphylla with DBH between 30 and 40 cm, which are at a fairly vigorous age and their roots continue to explore the soil. There are a few studies with this theme and factors such as climate, pruning season and area management history can influence tree response to pruning. Therefore, longer study time with the same individuals and more trees included is suggested.

The thesis mission is to investigate whether the swiveling laser that Vectura (former Vägverket Konsult) has in use to measure the road areas and straddle measuring can be used to detect differences in the reflective road markings function. This is to increase use of the swiveling laser and get rid of the manual measurements performed today. Currently, the measurement of road markings reflective function is performed with both mobile and handheld measuring instruments. The purpose of this thesis is to develop better methods for determination of road markings’ reflective function, in order to facilitate the description and suggestions for improvements of the maintenance of road markings reflective function.The questions that the thesis has been to start with are: Can the swiveling laser detect differences in longitudinal and transverse road markings reflective function? The accuracy of measurement has been sweeping the laser over the reference instrument (LTL-2000) Is it necessary with a conversion factor for swiveling laser data against the reference instrument data? To answer the question 2 and 3, there has been a field work in Värnamo where a road stretch with longitudinal road markings and zebra crossing (transverse road markings) has been investigated with a swiveling laser and LTL-2000. The formulas and calculations contained in the thesis are drawn from scientific reports that are produced by VTI in Linköping. The same formula that was used to calculate the optical measurement data was also used for the swiveling laser data. This can be explained by the measurement data derived by the swiveling laser data has been processed in a computer program (Matlab) that calculated gray tone image of road markings. This gray tone image was then analyzed in the image processing software ImageJ where every shade of gray represents a value of retroreflection. The results and analysis shows that the swiveling laser can detect differences in longitudinal and transverse road markings reflecting function, but the accuracy is not good and that there has emerged a need for a conversion factor for converting from the swiveling laser data to optical data. / Examensarbetets uppgift är att undersöka om den sveplaser som Vectura (före detta Vägverket Konsult) använder för mätning av vägområden och frihöjdsmätning, kan användas för att detektera skillnader i vägmarkeringars reflekterande funktion. Detta för att öka användningsområdet för sveplasern och få bort de manuella mätningarna som utförs idag. Idag utförs mätning av vägmarkeringars reflekterande funktion med både mobila och handhållna mätinstrument. Syftet med rapporten har varit att ta fram bättre mätmetoder för fastställande av vägmarkeringars reflekterande funktion, för att underlätta beskrivningen och förslagen på förbättringar av underhållet på vägmarkeringars reflekterande funktion. Frågeställningarna som examensarbetet har haft att utgå från är: Kan sveplasern detektera skillnader i längsgående och tvärgående vägmarkeringars reflekterande funktion? Vilken mätnoggranhet har sveplasern gentemot referensinstrumentet (LTL-2000)? Vilken omräkningsfaktor gäller för sveplaserdata gentemot referensinstrumentsdata? För att besvara frågeställning 2 och 3 så har det gjorts en fältstudie i Värnamo där en vägsträcka med längsgående vägmarkeringar och ett övergångsställe (Tvärgående vägmarkeringar)har undersökts med sveplaser och LTL-2000. Formler och beräkningar är hämtade från vetenskapliga rapporter som är framtagna av VTI i Linköping och dessa formler har även använts vid beräkning av sveplaserdata. Detta kan förklaras genom att de mätdata som fåtts fram från sveplasern har behandlats i ett beräkningsprogram (Matlab) som räknat fram en gråtonsbild av vägmarkeringarna. Denna gråtonsbild har sedan analyserats i bildbehandlingsprogrammet ImageJ där varje gråton representerar ett värde på retroreflektionen. Resultat och analys visar att sveplasern kan detektera skillnader i längs- och tvärgående vägmarkeringars reflekterande funktion, men att mätnoggrannheten inte är bra och att det framkommit ett behov av en omräkningsfaktor för sveplaserdata till optiska mätdata.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:34:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2004-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:48:06Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 lucena_ef_dr_guara.pdf: 5936000 bytes, checksum: 51e90a5f9bb24ddf43485c3d765d8384 (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver rotinas para a reconstrução de relevos de superfícies irregulares, particularmente aquelas observadas por microscopia óptica ou eletrônica de varredura, e estudar os conceitos de imageamento envolvidos, visando definir critérios para uma futura padronização dos métodos de processamento na área de estudo de relevos. As imagens obtidas em um microcoscópio óptico Nikon Epiphot 200 e em um microscópio eletrônico de varredura 5600 LV, respectivamente, foram processadas por rotinas de reconstrução a partir do foco e a partir do paralaxe. Essas rotinas implementadas apresentam a inovação, respectivamente, de permitir que o usuário aumente o tamanho da região onde o critério de foco é empregado e a diminuição do tempo de processamento através da análise da transformada de Hartley somente na direção horizontal. Os resultados mostram que a rotina de reconstrução a partir do foco implementada neste trabalho apresentou as mesmas tendências obtidas em um rugosímetro Mitutoyo Surtest 301 e menor quantidade de ruídos quando é utilizado polarizadores; e que a rotina de reconstrução a partir do paralaxe apresenta um erro médio de 5 ± 2% para pontos do par estéreo que são epipolares. Finalmente, o menor tempo de processamento, no caso da reconstrução a partir do paralaxe, permite aumentar a resolução espacial (maior quantidade de pixels) visando diminuir a rotação usada para obter o par estéreo e consequentemente reduzir a oclusão de área e o problema de pontos não epipolares. / The objective of this work is to develop routines for the reconstruction of irregular surfaces relieves, particularly those observed by optical microscopy or scanning electron microscopy, and to study the imaging concepts, seeking to define criteria for a future standardization of the processing methods in the area of study of relieves. The images were obtained in an optical microscope Nikon Epiphot 200 and in an scanning electron microscope 5600. They were, respectively, processed by depth from focus routine and parallax measurement. Those implemented routines present the innovation, respectively, of allowing the user to increase the size of the area where the focus criterion is used and the decrease of the time of processing through the analysis of the transformed of Hartley only in the horizontal direction. The results show that the depth from focus routine implemented in this work it presented the same tendencies obtained in a Mitutoyo Surtest 301 contact profilometer and smaller amount of noises when polarizers is used. The parallax routine presents error of 5 ± 2% for epipolar points from the stereo pair. Finally, in the case of the reconstruction from parallax is necessary to reduce the rotation used to obtain the stereo pair and to increase the space resolution (larger amount of pixels) to reduce the area occlusion and the problem of non-epipolar points.

O teste de raios X é um teste rápido, simples, não destrutivo e de alta precisão, que possibilita examinar com detalhes, a morfologia interna da semente, identificar áreas danificadas, sua localização e tipos de danos. Uma das abordagens atuais da pesquisa sobre análise de imagens de sementes radiografadas é verificar até que ponto a relação entre o grau de desenvolvimento embrionário e o espaço disponível na cavidade interna da semente está associada ao desempenho da semente. Na literatura há diversos trabalhos com resultados promissores para diferentes espécies; porém, para sementes de citros são escassas estas informações. Neste sentido, os objetivos desta pesquisa foram: a) avaliar a eficiência do teste de raios X em relacionar a morfologia interna das sementes com a germinação das sementes de citrumelo \'Swingle\'; b) verificar a possibilidade de utilização do teste de raios X para avaliar a poliembrionia das sementes de citrumelo \'Swingle\'; c) verificar se há relação do espaço livre na cavidade interna com o desempenho das sementes de citrumelo \'Swingle\'. Foram utilizados sete lotes de sementes tratadas de citrumelo \'Swingle\'. A pesquisa foi dividida em três experimentos: experimento I - avaliação da morfologia interna das sementes de por meio de raios X; experimento II - avaliação da poliembrionia das sementes por meio do teste de raios X; experimento III - avaliação do potencial fisiológico das sementes por meio dos testes tradicionais de vigor e avaliação do espaço livre da cavidade interna das sementes por meio do software ImageJ. O primeiro e o segundo experimento foram conduzidos em uma época de avaliação, porém, o terceiro experimento foi conduzido em duas épocas, espaçada em oito meses de armazenamento (0 e 8 meses), durante esse período as sementes foram armazenadas em câmara fria com a temperatura de 5°C e umidade relativa do ar de 75 %. O teste de raios X foi realizado nos três experimentos e relacionado com a germinação, porém no experimento II foi relacionado também com o metódo direto (contagem dos embriões) e no experimento III as imagens radiográficas foram analisadas por meio do software ImageJ para determinar o espaço livre das sementes. Para determinar o potencial fisiológico, os lotes de sementes foram submetidos a testes de germinação e de vigor (primeira contagem de germinação, velocidade de germinação, tempo médio de germinação, emergência de plântulas em areia, comprimento e massa de matéria seca da parte aérea e raiz de plântulas), foi avaliado também número médio de plântulas por sementes e a taxa de poliembrionia de cada lote. Verificou-se que a análise de imagens de raios X permite indentificar danos internos na semente com efeitos negativos na germinação; é um método eficiente para avaliar a poliembrionia das sementes; e a alta porcentagem de sementes com espaço livre interno superior a 22,1% prejudica o potencial germinativo de sementes de citrumelo \'Swingle\'. / X-ray test is a fast, simple, non-destructive, high-precision test that allows you to examine in detail the internal morphology of the seed, identify damaged areas, their location and types of damage. One of the current approaches to X-ray seed imaging research is to ascertain the extent to which the relationship between the degree of embryonic development and the available space in the internal cavity of the seeds is associated with seed performance. In the literature there are several works with promising results for different species; however, this information is scarce for citrus seeds. In this sense, the objectives of this research were: a) to evaluate the efficiency of the X-ray test in relation to the internal morphology of the seeds with the germination of \'Swingle\' citrumelo seeds; b) to verify the possibility of using the X-ray test to evaluate the polyembryony of the \'Swingle\' citrumelo seeds; c) to verify if there is a relation of free space in the internal cavity with the performance of \'Swingle\' citrumelo seeds. Seven lots of treated \'Swingle\' citrumelo seeds were used, the research was divided into three experiments: experiment I - evaluation of the internal morphology of seeds by X-ray; experiment II - evaluation of seed polyembryony by X-ray test; experiment III - evaluation of the physiological potential of the seeds by traditional tests of vigor and evaluation of the free space of the internal cavity of the seeds by of ImageJ software. The first and second experiments were conducted at a time of evaluation, but the third experiment was conducted in two seasons, spaced in eight months of storage (0 and 8 months), during which time the seeds were stored cold chamber with temperature of 5 °C and relative humidity of 75 %. The X-ray test was performed in the three experiments and related to germination, but in experiment II it was also related to the direct method (counting of the embryos) and in experiment III the radiographic images were analyzed by of the ImageJ software to determine the space of the seeds. In order to determine the physiological potential, seed lots were submitted to germination and vigor tests (first germination count, speed of germination, mean time germination, emergence of seedlings in sand, length and dry mass of aerial part and root of seedlings), we also evaluated the average number of seedlings per seed and the polyembryony rate of each lot. It was verified that X-ray image analysis allows identification of internal damage in the seed with negative effects on germination; is an efficient method to evaluate the polyembryony of the seeds; and the high percentage of seeds with internal free space greater than 22.1% impairs the germination potential of \'Swingle\' citrumelo seeds.

O teste de raios X é um teste rápido, simples, não destrutivo e de alta precisão, que possibilita examinar com detalhes, a morfologia interna da semente, identificar áreas danificadas, sua localização e tipos de danos. Uma das abordagens atuais da pesquisa sobre análise de imagens de sementes radiografadas é verificar até que ponto a relação entre o grau de desenvolvimento embrionário e o espaço disponível na cavidade interna da semente está associada ao desempenho da semente. Na literatura há diversos trabalhos com resultados promissores para diferentes espécies; porém, para sementes de citros são escassas estas informações. Neste sentido, os objetivos desta pesquisa foram: a) avaliar a eficiência do teste de raios X em relacionar a morfologia interna das sementes com a germinação das sementes de citrumelo \'Swingle\'; b) verificar a possibilidade de utilização do teste de raios X para avaliar a poliembrionia das sementes de citrumelo \'Swingle\'; c) verificar se há relação do espaço livre na cavidade interna com o desempenho das sementes de citrumelo \'Swingle\'. Foram utilizados sete lotes de sementes tratadas de citrumelo \'Swingle\'. A pesquisa foi dividida em três experimentos: experimento I - avaliação da morfologia interna das sementes de por meio de raios X; experimento II - avaliação da poliembrionia das sementes por meio do teste de raios X; experimento III - avaliação do potencial fisiológico das sementes por meio dos testes tradicionais de vigor e avaliação do espaço livre da cavidade interna das sementes por meio do software ImageJ. O primeiro e o segundo experimento foram conduzidos em uma época de avaliação, porém, o terceiro experimento foi conduzido em duas épocas, espaçada em oito meses de armazenamento (0 e 8 meses), durante esse período as sementes foram armazenadas em câmara fria com a temperatura de 5°C e umidade relativa do ar de 75 %. O teste de raios X foi realizado nos três experimentos e relacionado com a germinação, porém no experimento II foi relacionado também com o metódo direto (contagem dos embriões) e no experimento III as imagens radiográficas foram analisadas por meio do software ImageJ para determinar o espaço livre das sementes. Para determinar o potencial fisiológico, os lotes de sementes foram submetidos a testes de germinação e de vigor (primeira contagem de germinação, velocidade de germinação, tempo médio de germinação, emergência de plântulas em areia, comprimento e massa de matéria seca da parte aérea e raiz de plântulas), foi avaliado também número médio de plântulas por sementes e a taxa de poliembrionia de cada lote. Verificou-se que a análise de imagens de raios X permite indentificar danos internos na semente com efeitos negativos na germinação; é um método eficiente para avaliar a poliembrionia das sementes; e a alta porcentagem de sementes com espaço livre interno superior a 22,1% prejudica o potencial germinativo de sementes de citrumelo \'Swingle\'. / X-ray test is a fast, simple, non-destructive, high-precision test that allows you to examine in detail the internal morphology of the seed, identify damaged areas, their location and types of damage. One of the current approaches to X-ray seed imaging research is to ascertain the extent to which the relationship between the degree of embryonic development and the available space in the internal cavity of the seeds is associated with seed performance. In the literature there are several works with promising results for different species; however, this information is scarce for citrus seeds. In this sense, the objectives of this research were: a) to evaluate the efficiency of the X-ray test in relation to the internal morphology of the seeds with the germination of \'Swingle\' citrumelo seeds; b) to verify the possibility of using the X-ray test to evaluate the polyembryony of the \'Swingle\' citrumelo seeds; c) to verify if there is a relation of free space in the internal cavity with the performance of \'Swingle\' citrumelo seeds. Seven lots of treated \'Swingle\' citrumelo seeds were used, the research was divided into three experiments: experiment I - evaluation of the internal morphology of seeds by X-ray; experiment II - evaluation of seed polyembryony by X-ray test; experiment III - evaluation of the physiological potential of the seeds by traditional tests of vigor and evaluation of the free space of the internal cavity of the seeds by of ImageJ software. The first and second experiments were conducted at a time of evaluation, but the third experiment was conducted in two seasons, spaced in eight months of storage (0 and 8 months), during which time the seeds were stored cold chamber with temperature of 5 °C and relative humidity of 75 %. The X-ray test was performed in the three experiments and related to germination, but in experiment II it was also related to the direct method (counting of the embryos) and in experiment III the radiographic images were analyzed by of the ImageJ software to determine the space of the seeds. In order to determine the physiological potential, seed lots were submitted to germination and vigor tests (first germination count, speed of germination, mean time germination, emergence of seedlings in sand, length and dry mass of aerial part and root of seedlings), we also evaluated the average number of seedlings per seed and the polyembryony rate of each lot. It was verified that X-ray image analysis allows identification of internal damage in the seed with negative effects on germination; is an efficient method to evaluate the polyembryony of the seeds; and the high percentage of seeds with internal free space greater than 22.1% impairs the germination potential of \'Swingle\' citrumelo seeds.

abstract: This dissertation describes development of a procedure for obtaining high quality, optical grade sand coupons from frozen sand specimens of Ottawa 20/30 sand for image processing and analysis to quantify soil structure along with a methodology for quantifying the microstructure from the images. A technique for thawing and stabilizing frozen core samples was developed using optical grade Buehler® Epo-Tek® epoxy resin, a modified triaxial cell, a vacuum/reservoir chamber, a desiccator, and a moisture gauge. The uniform epoxy resin impregnation required proper drying of the soil specimen, application of appropriate confining pressure and vacuum levels, and epoxy mixing, de-airing and curing. The resulting stabilized sand specimen was sectioned into 10 mm thick coupons that were planed, ground, and polished with progressively finer diamond abrasive grit levels using the modified Allied HTP Inc. polishing method so that the soil structure could be accurately quantified using images obtained with the use of an optical microscopy technique. Illumination via Bright Field Microscopy was used to capture the images for subsequent image processing and sand microstructure analysis. The quality of resulting images and the validity of the subsequent image morphology analysis hinged largely on employment of a polishing and grinding technique that resulted in a flat, scratch free, reflective coupon surface characterized by minimal microstructure relief and good contrast between the sand particles and the surrounding epoxy resin. Subsequent image processing involved conversion of the color images first to gray scale images and then to binary images with the use of contrast and image adjustments, removal of noise and image artifacts, image filtering, and image segmentation. Mathematical morphology algorithms were used on the resulting binary images to further enhance image quality. The binary images were then used to calculate soil structure parameters that included particle roundness and sphericity, particle orientation variability represented by rose diagrams, statistics on the local void ratio variability as a function of the sample size, and the local void ratio distribution histograms using Oda's method and Voronoi tessellation method, including the skewness, kurtosis, and entropy of a gamma cumulative probability distribution fit to the local void ratio distribution. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Civil Engineering 2011

Digital image processing is one of the potential technologies used in precision agriculture to gather information, such as seed emergence, plant health, and phenology from the digital images. Despite its potential, the rate of adoption is slow due to limited accessibility, unsuitability to specific issues, unaffordability, and high technical knowledge requirement from the clientele. Therefore, the development of open source image processing applications that are task-specific, easy-to-use, requiring fewer inputs, and rich with features will be beneficial to the users/farmers for adoption. The Fiji software, an open source free image processing ImageJ platform, was used in this application development study. A collection of four different agricultural field applications were selected to address the existing issues and develop image processing tools by applying novel approaches and simple mathematical principles. First, an automated application, using a digital image and “pixel-march” method, performed multiple radial measurements of sunflower floral components. At least 32 measurements for ray florets and eight for the disc were required statistically for accurate dimensions. Second, the color calibration of digital images addressed the light intensity variations of images using standard calibration chart and derived color calibration matrix from selected color patches. Calibration using just three-color patches: red, green, and blue was sufficient to obtain images of uniform intensity. Third, plant stand count and their spatial distribution from UAS images were determined with an accuracy of ≈96 %, through pixel-profile identification method and plant cluster segmentation. Fourth, the soybean phenological stages from the PhenoCam time-lapse imagery were analyzed and they matched with the manual visual observation. The green leaf index produced the minimum variations from its smoothed curve. The time of image capture and PhenoCam distances had significant effects on the vegetation indices analyzed. A simplified approach using kymograph was developed, which was quick and efficient for phenological observations. Based on the study, these tools can be equally applied to other scenarios, or new user-coded, user-friendly, image processing tools can be developed to address specific requirements. In conclusion, these successful results demonstrated the suitability and possibility of task-specific, open source, digital image processing tools development for agricultural field applications. / United States. Agricultural Research Service / National Institute of Food and Agriculture (U.S.)

This thesis contains two main parts, theoretical and implementation. In the theoretical part, there are described the different segmentation methods. Mainly it is about description method Level Set. The aim of practical part was to create a java module for segmentation of biomedical images using Level Set methods. The work solves example of a simple GUI for the display of results.

There is an upsurge of research interest on Ni-based superalloys additively manufactured (AM) in aerospace sectors. However, achieving the accuracy and quality of the AM part is a challenging task because it is a process of adding material layer by layer with different process parameters. Hence, defects can be observed, and these defects have a detrimental effect on the mechanical properties of the material. Also, AM materials commonly portray a columnar grain structure which also makes it difficult to determine the average grain size because while using the commonly used intercept method, the grain boundaries do not intercept to the test line appropriately. It is important to measure the defects and grain size before performing mechanical testing on the material. Defect measurement and grain size measurements are usually measured manually which results in longer lead time. This work is addressed towards testing recipes in the automated image analysis software to optimize the lead time with good accuracy. Haynes 282, a γ' strengthened superalloy is used in this work. It was assumed that 1,5mm of material from the surface will be machined away so defects had to be measured in this region of interest. The image analysis tools used to test its potentials are MIPAR and ImageJ. Initially, five images in MIPAR and Image J were tested keeping the manual measurements as a benchmark. From this part, it was concluded that metallography and image quality play an important role in the automated measurement. Also, basic Image J software cannot give the measurements of lack of fusion in terms of caliper diameter (longest measurable diameter). Hence, MIPAR was chosen for the application because it was more promising. In the next part, 15 samples were used with manual measurements from a stitched sample and batch processing with MIPAR. The total caliper diameter results were plotted to compare manual measurements and MIPAR. It was observed that scratches were measured as lack of fusion defects at few instances by MIPAR which were further refined using a post-processing function. The defect density results were plotted and compared as well. Due to the difference in calculation of region of interest, the difference in results was observed.To perform the grain size measurement, Haynes 282 was used in HIP and heat treated condition, achieving equiaxed grains. The etchant should be appropriate to reveal the grains. Hence four different etchants were used in this study hydrogen peroxide+HCl, Kallings (electro etch), Kallings (swab) and diluted oxalic acid. This measurement was performed on the material which was cut along the build direction as well as 90º to the growth direction. Since there is no standard for additively manufactured material yet, the results were tested with hall-petch equation to be convinced of the results obtained. It was observed that MIPAR recipe portrayed good results. The results of manual measurements and MIPAR measurements were plotted and compared. It was observed that Hydrogen peroxide and Kallings (swab) showed the grains evidently but twin boundaries were revealed as well. MIPAR calculated the twin boundaries as grains so it over calculated than manual measurements. Kallings (electro etch) and diluted oxalic acid did not reveal the grains so it was difficult for MIPAR to identify the grains.