Submitted by Andre Mancha (andre.mancha87@gmail.com) on 2018-08-29T20:32:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertation-eesp-fgv.pdf: 569610 bytes, checksum: 160598b7f611722cee28985a77177bb5 (MD5) / Rejected by Joana Martorini (joana.martorini@fgv.br), reason: Fora das normas ABNT. on 2018-08-29T20:41:05Z (GMT) / Submitted by Andre Mancha (andre.mancha87@gmail.com) on 2018-08-30T14:29:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertation-eesp-fgv (final).pdf: 964294 bytes, checksum: 82aaf5cc2fc6ee9324bf6de691484d44 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Joana Martorini (joana.martorini@fgv.br) on 2018-08-30T14:37:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertation-eesp-fgv (final).pdf: 964294 bytes, checksum: 82aaf5cc2fc6ee9324bf6de691484d44 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzane Guimarães (suzane.guimaraes@fgv.br) on 2018-08-30T15:37:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertation-eesp-fgv (final).pdf: 964294 bytes, checksum: 82aaf5cc2fc6ee9324bf6de691484d44 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-30T15:37:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertation-eesp-fgv (final).pdf: 964294 bytes, checksum: 82aaf5cc2fc6ee9324bf6de691484d44 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-02 / Since 1998 in the Public Administration there are statutory workers ('estatutários') and others hired by the CLT labor regime ('celetistas'). Thisfact occurs due the Constitutional Amendment number 19 , formulated that year, which has changed the article 39 of Brazilian Constitution. It allowed public entities to hire employees under CLT legislation. This situation lasted until 2007 when the Supreme Court of Brazil suspended such modification and so the original understanding of the Constitution was reestablished. This work intends to evaluate the wage differential between statutory and CLT employees by means of an econometric approach. Using a fixed effectsregression we have analyzed the impact of the labor regime upon public workers wages and using the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition we quantified how much of such differential is due the labor regime and how much is due to the individual characteristics (education, tenure and others). There are evidences that CLT workers have in average wages R$ 310.00 lower than statutory. Controlling by occupation we also see a negative prize to CLT worker to all groups except by the High Skilled Workers that have a salary R$ 95.98 higher than the Statutory. Low Skilled Workers show the smallest differential (R$ 12.20) followed by Teachers and Researchers (R$ 85.27) and Technicians (R$ 97.11). The Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition shows that the largest part is not explained by endowments differences. The spending with wages and benefits to public employees is one of the main debates in the current scenario of fiscal adjustment facing the relevant increase of Public Debt in the last years. The Brazilian society has a perception that the Government has an excessive amount of workers and furthermore these onesreceive higher wages without a reasonable explanation when compared to similar occupations in private companies. At the end of 2017 the Brazilian Government presented an action plan to reduce the spending with wages and benefits of public employees. Among the proposals there were a decrease in the initial salary of public service and an increase in the public pension plan contribution. / Desde o ano de 1998 coexistem na Administração Direta, Autarquias e Fundações Públicas, funcionários públicos estatutários e 'celetistas'. Esta situação decorre da Emenda 19, a qual alterou o artigo 39 da Constituição e permitiu que estas entidades contratassem funcionários pela CLT. Essa situação perdurou até o ano de 2007, quando o Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF)suspendeu liminarmente (ADI 2135) a nova redação e dessa forma restaurou a situação original, válida atualmente. Este trabalho se propõe a medir a diferença no salário entre servidores públicos estatutários e celetistas por meio de uma abordagem econométrica. Utilizando uma regressão de efeitos fixos foi analisado o impacto do regime de trabalho sobre o salário dos servidores e por meio da decomposição de Oaxaca-Blinder estimou-se quanto desta diferença decorre do regime de trabalho e quanto se deve às características dos indivíduos de cada grupo (escolaridade, experiência e outros). Há indícios de que os celetistas recebem um salário R$ 310.00 menor do que seus pares estatutários. Controlando os efeitos de cada profissão há um diferencial negativo para todas os celetistas exceto para os profissionais de alta qualificação os quais possuem um salário R$ 95.98 maior do que os estatutários. Com relação aos outros grupos, os profissionais de baixa qualificação apresentam o menor diferencial de salários (R$ 12.20) seguido por professores e pesquisadores (R$ 85.27) e técnicos (R$ 97.11). Na decomposição do diferencial a maior parte não decorre de diferenças nas características dos indivíduos de cada grupo. O impacto dos salários e benefícios de funcionários públicos sobre as contas públicas é um dos principais pontos debatidos dentre as propostas que englobam o plano de ajuste fiscal do Governo Brasileiro. A percepção atual da sociedade é que além do governo contar com um contingente significativo de servidores públicos, estes recebem maiores salários quando comparados a trabalhadores em atividades semelhantes na iniciativa privada. Nesse contexto o governo federal apresentou no final de 2017 uma série de medidas para adequação dos gastos com folha de pagamento de servidores públicos, dentre elas a redução do salário inicial e elevação da contribuição previdenciária destes trabalhadores.

This thesis focuses on gender based differences in occupational allocation in Central-European countries, i.e. in Croatia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia. The main goal is to find out how much of the gender differences is related to women being equipped with higher/lower human capital in comparison to men. This thesis uses data from 2010 Life in Transition Survey provided by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Focus will be placed on white/blue collar occupations split. For the empirical analysis an extension of the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition for binary dependent variable model provided by Fairlie (2005) will be used.

This paper analyzes how the explained and unexplained part of the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition has changed due to a shift in attitudes towards immigrants in Germany. We use the migration crisis in 2015 as an exogenous source of variation in attitudes towards immigrants. As many studies analyze labor market discrimination, there are very few studies examining discrimination in the German labor market by conducting a natural experiment. In contrast to previous empirics, this paper sets out to explain and decompose the differences between immigrants and natives using a rather unique method. This paper is based on data from the European Social Survey (ESS) conducted in 2014 and 2016 and is analyzed using measures of public attitudes, the linear probability model, and the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition. The results indicate that there are rather great differences in employment probabilities, human capital and family constellations between immigrants and natives. Measuring public attitudes, it is evident that there has been a general decline in positive attitudes towards immigrants post the migration crisis in 2015. Analyzing the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition, it is evident that the unexplained (discriminatory) part of the decomposition has decreased which is referred to as a decrease in discrimination in the labor market. Even though that a general decline in positive attitudes towards immigrants is present, an increase in the unexplained part of the decomposition is not observed. As no correlation between public attitudes and the unexplained part of the decomposition is apparent, it is most likely that employers base their employment decision on the extent of information provided. This indicating that discrimination in the labor market most likely is due to statistical discrimination and not due to the preferences of the employer.

Cette thèse est composée de quatre essais sur l'économétrie des mesures d'inégalité et de pauvreté. Elle fournit un traitement statistique fondé sur l'analyse de modèles probabilistes de mélange fini de distributions et de modèle de régression quantile, le tout dans une approche Bayésienne.Le deuxième chapitre s'intéresse à la modélisation d'une distribution de revenus par un mélange fini de lois log-normales dont les paramètres sont estimés par la méthode d'échantillonnage de Gibbs. Ce chapitre propose une méthode d'inférence statistique pour certains indices d'inégalité par une Rao-Blackwellisation de l'échantillonnage de Gibbs. Le troisième chapitre propose une estimation Bayésienne de la récente régression quantile non-conditionnelle basée sur la fonction d'influence recentrée (regression RIF) dans laquelle la densité est estimée par un mélange de lois normales. De cette approche, on déduit une inférence Bayesienne pour la méthode de décomposition d'Oaxaca-Blinder. La méthode proposée est utilisée pour analyser la dispersion des salaires aux Etats-Unis entre 1992-2009.Le quatrième chapitre propose une inférence Bayésienne d'un mélange de deux lois de Pareto simples pour modéliser la partie supérieure d'une distribution de salaires. Cette approche est utilisée pour analyser la répartition des hauts salaires aux Etats-Unis afin de tester les deux modèles (Tournoi et Superstar). Le cinquième chapitre de la thèse est consacré à l'analyse des rendements privés de l'éducation sur le revenu des ménages et des inégalités entre les populations urbaines et rurales. Il considère le cas du Sénégal et utilise les dépenses totales de consommation comme indicateur du revenu. / This dissertation consists of four essays on the econometrics of inequality and poverty measurement. It provides a statistical analysis based on probabilistic models, finite mixture distributions and quantile regression models, all using aBayesian approach.Chapter 2 models income distribution using a mixture of lognormal densities. Using the analytical expression of inequality indices, it shows how a Rao-Blackwellised Gibbs sampler can lead to accurate inference on income inequality measurements even in small samples.Chapter 3 develops Bayesian inference for the unconditional quantile regression model based on the Re-centered Influence Function (RIF). It models the considered distribution by a mixture of lognormal densities and then provides conditional posterior densities for the quantile regression parameters. This approach is perceived to provide better estimates in the extreme quantiles in the presence of heavy tails as well as valid small sample confidence intervalsfor the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition.Chapter 4 provides Bayesian inference for a mixture of two Pareto distributions which is then used to approximate the upper tail of a wage distribution. This mixture model is applied to the data from the CPS ORG to analyze the recent structure of top wages in the U.S. from 1992 through 2009. Findings are largely in accordance with the explanations combining the model of superstars and the model of tournaments in hierarchical organization structures. Chapter 5 makes use of the RIF-regression to measure both changes in the return to education across quantiles and rural urban inequality decomposition in consumption expenditure in Senegal.