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Thesis (M.S.)--The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 2009. / Title from PDF t.p. (viewed May 11, 2010). Directed by Cheryl Lovelady; submitted to the Dept. of Nutrition. Includes bibliographical references (p. 24-27, 43-45, 64-67).

Prevalence of overweight and obesity has increased in adult and child populations during the last two to three decades in both developed and developing countries. Childhood obesity is common in the United Kingdom and has become a major public health issue. There is a growing body of evidence to suggest that the development of overweight and obesity in children has its roots in early life, with evidence of increasing weight over time in pre-school children. The study explored the early development of overweight in infants in Halton, an area of Northwest England. It was a mixed methods study comprising a quantitative analysis of routinely collected infant weight data and a longitudinal qualitative study of the process of weaning. Phase one - patterns of weight in Halton infants: The retrospective quantitative study utilised birthweight, and weight and length/height at eight weeks, eight months and 40 months of age from Halton infants born between 1994 and 2006 (16,328 singleton births). Analysis of these data provided further evidence of the early development of overweight, and highlighted patterns of infant overweight at eight months of age not previously reported. Phase two - longitudinal qualitative study of the process of weaning: Given the findings of phase one, factors that may influence early weight gain were considered. Therefore, the second phase focussed upon weaning, which has been little researched in terms of the way in which mothers manage the process. The aim was to explore weaning as a social process, focussing on the experience, knowledge, perceptions and actions of mothers as they weaned, in order to consider whether this could shed light on infant growth and development in general and the early development of overweight in particular. A grounded theory approach was utilised. Twenty one women were recruited and interviewed antenatally and then up to three times after their babies were born. A total of 67 interviews took place. A grounded theory, or ‘plausible account’, of the weaning process was developed. The centrality of the baby, and the way in which mothers talk about following the lead of the baby as they wean was highlighted, along with the ways in which this focus may falter or shift because of the complexity of influences on mothers’ lives. The primacy of embodied knowledge, that is the knowledge that mothers built up through the experience of feeding and weaning their infant, and the significance of being a mother in terms of being an ‘authority’ on feeding and weaning, were evident. In addition, the limitations of providing information, such as the feeding and weaning guidelines, without taking account of the individual mother, infant and their context was indicated. This is how some mistrust of the advice of health professionals, and possibly other ‘health messages’ emerged, as mothers did not see the advice as appropriate to them, their infant, or circumstances. Mothers did recognise babies as ‘bigger’ or ‘smaller’, but through valuing weight and weight gain were particularly aware of having small babies, which may have limited their capacity for recognising the significance of early signs of overweight in their infants. Final conclusions: Using mixed methods in this study allowed a broad picture of patterns of weight and overweight in Halton infants, and what some of the contributory factors to those patterns might be, to emerge, than if a single research method had been used. A number of implications for policy and practice: at an individual level in terms of the way in which women are supported to feed and wean their babies; and at a population level in terms of the monitoring of weight, were identified.

Resumo: A obesidade em crianças e adolescentes tem crescido mundialmente em proporções epidêmicas. A maioria das alterações posturais passíveis de serem observadas nos obesos não são exclusivas dos mesmos, mas surgem nesses com maior freqüência em virtude da ação mecânica desempenhada pelo exagero da massa corporal e o aumento das necessidades mecânicas regionais. Tratou-se de um estudo transversal, com 389 escolares, faixa etária entre 6 e 16 anos, de ambos os gêneros, de uma escola privada e duas públicas, provenientes da área urbana de Penápolis-SP, matriculados e cursando o ensino fundamental no ano letivo de 2.004 no período da manhã. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a influência do sobrepeso e da obesidade sobre o sistema musculoesquelético de escolares do ensino fundamental. Para tal, foram executadas medidas de altura e massa corporal para obtenção do IMC, impressões plantares, quantificação de fotos digitais, por meio da biofotogrametria computadorizada e questionário para avaliação econômica. Foram avaliados 389 escolares, sendo 220 (56,5%) do gênero feminino e 169 (43,5%) do masculino. A prevalência de sobrepeso foi de 14,91% e obesidade 15,68%. No gênero masculino houve maior proporção de escolares obesos (21,42%) que com sobrepeso (10,11%). Os resultados demonstram alta prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade e que não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre classificação econômica e estados nutricionais. Em relação ao arco plantar e estado nutricional, o pé plano direito obteve maior proporção de obesos. Observou-se que os diferentes tipos de pés estão distribuídos de maneira semelhante nos escolares obesos, enquanto que os magros, eutróficos e sobrepesos apresentaram maior proporção de pé cavo e normal. O pé esquerdo apresentou resultados semelhantes ao direito ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Obesity in children and adolescents has grown worldwide, reaching epidemic proportions. Most of posture changes easily detected in obese people are not exclusive from each other, but they happen in obese people more often caused by big effort and exaggeration of body mass and the increase of mechanical and regional needs. It was a transverse study, with 389 school children and adolescents, age ranging from 6 to 16 years old, both sexes, one group from a private school and two others from public schools, coming from the urban area of Penápolis-SP, registered and studying in elementary levels in the year of 2004, morning period. The major aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of overweight and obesity on muscle and bone system of these children. In order , there was measured height and body mass to determinate BMI, foot prints, measurements of digital images using computerized biophotogrammetry and also a questionnaire about economic status. It was evaluated 389 students, 220 (56,5%) females and 169 (43,5%) males. The prevalence of overweight was 14,91% and obesity 15,68%. In males there was a bigger proportion of obese students (21,42%) than overweight ones (10,11%).The results show a high incidence of obesity and overweight and there is no significant difference between economic status and nutritional status. In relation to longitudinal arch and nutritional status, the right flat foot showed bigger proportion of obesity students. It was observed that different kinds of foot was equally dispensed in the obesity students, while overweight, normal and underweight students obtained a bigger proportion of normal and high arched foot. The left foot showed similar results, except obesity students that obtained bigger proportion of high arched foot. In the quadricipital angle evaluation, the female right lower limb obtained 10.79°... (Complete abstract, click eletronic address below) / Orientador: Nelson de Souza / Coorientador: Luís Carlos Giarola / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:38:46Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 bachiega_cmmv_me_botfm.pdf: 774772 bytes, checksum: c45e9b6d4036f16406b38a4f6e31fc57 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A obesidade em crianças e adolescentes tem crescido mundialmente em proporções epidêmicas. A maioria das alterações posturais passíveis de serem observadas nos obesos não são exclusivas dos mesmos, mas surgem nesses com maior freqüência em virtude da ação mecânica desempenhada pelo exagero da massa corporal e o aumento das necessidades mecânicas regionais. Tratou-se de um estudo transversal, com 389 escolares, faixa etária entre 6 e 16 anos, de ambos os gêneros, de uma escola privada e duas públicas, provenientes da área urbana de Penápolis-SP, matriculados e cursando o ensino fundamental no ano letivo de 2.004 no período da manhã. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a influência do sobrepeso e da obesidade sobre o sistema musculoesquelético de escolares do ensino fundamental. Para tal, foram executadas medidas de altura e massa corporal para obtenção do IMC, impressões plantares, quantificação de fotos digitais, por meio da biofotogrametria computadorizada e questionário para avaliação econômica. Foram avaliados 389 escolares, sendo 220 (56,5%) do gênero feminino e 169 (43,5%) do masculino. A prevalência de sobrepeso foi de 14,91% e obesidade 15,68%. No gênero masculino houve maior proporção de escolares obesos (21,42%) que com sobrepeso (10,11%). Os resultados demonstram alta prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade e que não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre classificação econômica e estados nutricionais. Em relação ao arco plantar e estado nutricional, o pé plano direito obteve maior proporção de obesos. Observou-se que os diferentes tipos de pés estão distribuídos de maneira semelhante nos escolares obesos, enquanto que os magros, eutróficos e sobrepesos apresentaram maior proporção de pé cavo e normal. O pé esquerdo apresentou resultados semelhantes ao direito... / Obesity in children and adolescents has grown worldwide, reaching epidemic proportions. Most of posture changes easily detected in obese people are not exclusive from each other, but they happen in obese people more often caused by big effort and exaggeration of body mass and the increase of mechanical and regional needs. It was a transverse study, with 389 school children and adolescents, age ranging from 6 to 16 years old, both sexes, one group from a private school and two others from public schools, coming from the urban area of Penápolis-SP, registered and studying in elementary levels in the year of 2004, morning period. The major aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of overweight and obesity on muscle and bone system of these children. In order , there was measured height and body mass to determinate BMI, foot prints, measurements of digital images using computerized biophotogrammetry and also a questionnaire about economic status. It was evaluated 389 students, 220 (56,5%) females and 169 (43,5%) males. The prevalence of overweight was 14,91% and obesity 15,68%. In males there was a bigger proportion of obese students (21,42%) than overweight ones (10,11%).The results show a high incidence of obesity and overweight and there is no significant difference between economic status and nutritional status. In relation to longitudinal arch and nutritional status, the right flat foot showed bigger proportion of obesity students. It was observed that different kinds of foot was equally dispensed in the obesity students, while overweight, normal and underweight students obtained a bigger proportion of normal and high arched foot. The left foot showed similar results, except obesity students that obtained bigger proportion of high arched foot. In the quadricipital angle evaluation, the female right lower limb obtained 10.79°... (Complete abstract, click eletronic address below)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-22T17:26:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ros.pdf: 724884 bytes, checksum: adc234b9f6395116f8a14b43f0028667 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-06 / Objectives: to determine the prevalence of overweight among under-five-year-old children in Brazil and investigate its associations with sociodemographic characteristics, exclusive breastfeeding, number of siblings and birth weight. Methods: cross sectional population based study, conducted in the five geopolitical regions of Brazil, with a sample of 6,397 children. The nutritional classification was done using the 2006 WHO growth curves. Were considered overweight the children with a z-score higher than two standard deviations above the weight for height median. Results: the prevalence of overweight among under-five-year-old children in Brazil was 12%. The outcome was 22% higher in males (RP=1,22; IC95% 1,02-1,47; p=0,030). There was a linear inverse association: the younger the child, the higher the prevalence of overweight (p=0,032). The white children had a prevalence of overweight 22% higher than the non-white ones. The higher the birth weight, the higher the prevalences of overweight (p=0,000). Children who were breastfed up to 120 days had a prevalence of overweight 34% higher compared to the ones who were breastfed for more than 120 days. Conclusions: the prevalence of overweight was higher in males, in under-one-year-old, white, with a birth weight of less than 3,500 grams, exclusively breastfed up to 120 days children / Objetivos: Verificar a prevalência de excesso de peso em crianças menores de cinco anos no Brasil e investigar suas associações com características sociodemográficas, aleitamento materno exclusivo, número de irmãos e peso de nascimento. Métodos: Estudo transversal de base populacional realizado nas cinco regiões geopolíticas do Brasil com uma amostra de 6.397 crianças. A classificação nutricional foi realizada utilizando as curvas de crescimento da OMS de 2006. Foram consideradas com excesso de peso crianças com escore-z maior que dois desvios-padrão acima da mediana de referência de peso para a altura. Resultados: A prevalência de excesso de peso em crianças menores de cinco anos no Brasil foi de 12%. O desfecho foi 22% maior no sexo masculino (RP=1,22; IC95% 1,02-1,47; p= 0,030). Observou-se uma associação linear inversa: quanto menor a idade da criança, maiores as prevalências de excesso de peso (p= 0,032). As crianças brancas apresentaram uma prevalência de excesso de peso 22% maior do que as não brancas. Quanto maior o peso de nascimento, maiores as prevalências de excesso de peso (p=0,000). Crianças que foram amamentadas até 120 dias apresentaram uma prevalência 34% maior de excesso de peso quando comparadas às que mamaram mais de 120 dias. Conclusões: A prevalência de excesso de peso foi maior no sexo masculino, em crianças menores de um ano, brancas, com peso de nascimento maior que 3.500 gramas, que foram amamentadas exclusivamente até 120 dias

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Miami University, Dept. of Psychology, 2005. / Title from second page of PDF document. Document formatted into pages; contains [2], v, 98 p. : ill. Includes bibliographical references (p. 57-64).

<strong>Background:</strong> Cardiovascular disease (CVD) can have its beginnings in childhood, especially if the child is overweight. Without intervention, increased risk factors in childhood track in adulthood, putting the individual at increased risk for early cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. As a result, childhood health outcomes are an increasingly popular area for health research. However, little progress has been made on the most effective way to enable children to lead healthy lives. <strong>Methods:</strong> This thesis incorporated five studies. Firstly, a systematic review and meta-analysis of 63 papers involving nearly 50,000 school children examined the relationship between body mass index (BMI) categories and CVD risk factors. Secondly, a focus group study with 46 students to discuss their knowledge and attitudes towards health, health behaviours and health education. Thirdly, a focus group study with six mothers to discuss screening weight in childhood, and their perceptions of childhood health and health education. Fourthly, a component analysis to establish the characteristics of nine successful educational interventions on children’s health. Finally, a pilot intervention and feasibility study involving 314 students. <strong>Results:</strong> Overweight and obese BMI categories were associated with substantial increases in CVD risk factors measured and that the association with obesity was greater than that with being overweight. The focus group studies found that the depth of knowledge and the perceived depth of knowledge that participants had about CVD risk factors affected their attitudes and behaviours, although not in the same way. The pilot intervention was deemed feasible. A significant change was brought about in the students’ knowledge of cardiovascular disease and raised their self-efficacy towards ensuring the health of their hearts. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> The effect of obesity on cardiovascular risk factors is greater than that of being overweight. Additionally, studies in this area are hindered by inconsistent measurements and definitions of the BMI categories. Secondly, both parents and children need to be equipped with deep knowledge and understanding to facilitate attitude and behaviour change towards healthy living. Finally, the pilot intervention should be trialled in a randomised, controlled trial.

The purpose of this study was to determine if a relationship existed between body mass index and school absence. The research was a retrospective study of school nurse height and weight reports and attendance reports for 2nd grade Hispanic students at an elementary school in Riverside, California.