The ethnography of communication is a mode of inquiry which investigates relationships between language and culture in a particular speech community. Based on the ethnographic perspective, this study examines a certain way of speaking at a specific historical moment in a specific community. The major focus is two disc jockeys who are characterized as "trilingual" speakers (Japanese-English-Okinawa dialect) and their code switching activities in an Okinawan local radio program. The three-month field study took place on the island of Okinawa. Data were collected from observations at the two radio stations, transcriptions of the program, and interviews with the DJs, the program director, program listeners, and older Okinawan residents. The situational and metaphorical code switching patterns found in the DJs' verbal interactions include: obligational code choice, topic related code choice, interjections, quotations, translations, a lack of language proficiency, reiterations, and addressee specification. Using language which reflects "we" versus "they" orientation was a major determinant of the DJs' code choices. While the DJs use dialect to maintain Okinawan group identification, the use of English appeared directed toward loosening the social separation between Okinawans and Americans who belong to mutually exclusive speech communities. In addition to these functions of code switching related to the general social context in Okinawa, the study finds that the DJs and program listeners share the particular sociolinguistic values and therefore create a specific speech community. The DJs' use of three codes discloses two cultural phenomena in this young Okinawan speech community. One is the enhancement of Okinawan identity as a resistance to Japanization and the other is the acceptance of the American influence as part of local culture. Although the DJs are known to be "trilingual" among the younger people, the older generation defines the DJs' dialect as Okinawan-Japanese, which is a Creole produced language contact between the Okinawa dialect and Japanese. In a strict grammatical analysis, most of the DJs' dialect is not spoken in pure form of the Okinawa dialect. However, using dialect in a certain way, the DJs maintain and share Okinawan group identity with the young program fans. Simultaneously, the mixed-background English speaking radio hosts are also accepted by listeners as a symbol of new Okinawa where the American influence has become an indispensable factor in creating its unique characteristics. The success of the "trilingual" entertainers reveals the current situation in the young Okinawan speech community where a cultural interrelation between mainland Japan, America, and Okinawa can be discovered.

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / Okinawa serves as a strategic base for U.S. forces in maintaining regional security and protecting Japanese and American interests based on the 1960 Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between Japan and the United States and its 1951 predecessor. This thesis assesses the developing factors in Japan's constitutional debate after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. It examines the myriad issues influencing the reinterpretation or potential revision of Article 9 of Japan's constitution and what implications revision would have on Japan-based U.S. forces stationed primarily in Okinawa. This thesis argues that Tokyo's reinterpretation or revision of Article 9 of Japan's constitution would not require a major withdrawal of U.S. forces from Okinawa. Regional threats still validate the half-century old U.S.-Japan Security Alliance and most of its current structure. The major questions the thesis addresses are how and why Japan is reinterpreting or may revise its constitution, what dangers threaten Japanese and American security and interests, and how Okinawa's bases contribute to the security and stability of the region and at what price. Furthermore, this thesis evaluates the validity of perceptions regarding U.S. troops on Okinawa, and it seeks to clarify the situation on Okinawa. This thesis' arguments set the stage for a policy-prescriptive conclusion which is predicated on six individual premises. A major point is the validation of a viable and proven U.S. expeditionary force to remain stationed within Japan. Also, it offers practical recommendations for what is next for U.S. forces on Okinawa, including maintaining the status quo with certain adjustments, overhauling public relations and media interactions, and examining the merits of Kadena Air Base and Ie Island for the relocation of Marine Corps Air Station Futenma. / Captain, United States Marine Corps

Master of Arts / Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social Work / Lisa Melander / Okinawa, Japan has a long history of struggle with Japan and the United States of America. Okinawa was annexed by the Japanese during the Shogunate, mistreated by Imperial Japan during World War II, destroyed during the Battle of Okinawa, and occupied by U.S. military. Okinawa hosts some of the largest U.S. military bases outside of the Continental United States. Since Okinawa has been occupied by the U.S. military since World War II, it also has a history of contentious politics and protests against the occupation. Okinawa’s economy and cultural identity within the domestic and international spheres with the U.S. military and the Government of Japan has shaped its political protest identities. The “Okinawan Struggle” has evolved and into a new form, but often seen as a long lasting and unified struggle. This thesis explores Okinawa’s different protest episodes during different governing administrations and different economic structures.

The purpose of this thesis is to describe the preliminary results from the investigation of shallow (<20m) hydrothermal vents with a total venting area of about 0.5 km2 off the eastern tip of Kueishantao Island. The chemical compositions of hot fluids, sediments and rocks as well as a continuous record of fluid temperature of a fumarole were measured in order to understand the venting process of hydrothermal fluids. The continuous temperature records show that the attainment of the maximum temperature of the hot fluids is related to the tidal cycle. The temperature variation seems to be associated with changes in the boiling point of seawater, which is affected by changes in water pressure. Such a correlation has not been reported in the literature. The hydrothermal fluids reach their highest temperature about 3.5 hours after each high tide, which is indicative of a shallow infiltration of seawater since the time it takes the boiling seawater to exit is so short. The hottest temperature recorded in our study area is 116¢J, while the lowest pH is 1.75, both a record in the world amid shallow hydrothermal systems. And, 1.75 is the lowest pH been reported on hydrothermal systems in the literature. At one point, the temperature recorder was covered with sand as a result of an encroaching typhoon. This suggests that the topography of the study area is susceptible to external forces. Based on salinity, the source of the hot fluids is taken to be ambient seawater, with no meteoric water from the islet involved. Concentrations of major ions in the hydrothermal fluids are almost the same as those in the ambient seawater. Mg is slightly enriched, however, which is unlike other hydrothermal fluids where, as reported elsewhere, Mg is generally lower because it replaces Ca in the bedrock. Low concentrations of Si in the studied fluids make for another distinct feature. Compared with other hydrothermal fluids in the world, the concentrations of Si in our study area are much lower, possibly on account of there being insufficient time for the rock to dissolve in the infiltrated seawater. Black and white smokers have widely been reported in the literature, but here are found heretofore unheard of yellow smokers as high as 6 meters. Other than one vent which emits liquid sulfur and forms a sulfur chimney, some vent sulfur from sulfur mounds. Still others are low- temperature vents which do not emit sulfur whatsoever. The most active venting activities are off the eastern tip of the islet. There are no other large reliefs associated with the hydrothermal activity, except for the chimney and a depression down to 35m deep. the chimney and a depression down to 35m deep. The composition of gravel on the seafloor is andesite, which is the same as the rock on the islet. The major composition of the sediments collected from the seafloor is sulfur, which is different from the sediments of the hydrothermal systems in the Okinawa Trough. The sulfur particles observed in this study originate from the fumaroles. Besides, sulfur balls the size of softballs and with distinct growth rings are found near some vents. The formation mechanism of these rings at this time, however, remains unclear. The bubbles from the vents are mostly made up of CO2, which is different from the composition of the shallow hot springs on the beach of Green islet. The 3He/4He of the emitted gas is high, this indicates that the gas may have originated from the mantle.

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2001. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 230 p. : col. ill., col. maps. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 198-209).

The islands of Okinawa have a long history of people’s protest. Much of this has been a manifestation in one way or another of Okinawa’s enforced assimilation into Japan and their differential treatment thereafter. However, it is only in the contemporary period that we find interpretations among academic and popular writers of a collective political movement opposing marginalisation of, and discrimination against, Okinawans. This is most powerfully expressed in the idea of the three ‘waves’ of a post-war ‘Okinawan struggle’ against the US military bases. Yet, since Okinawa’s annexation to Japan in 1879, differences have constantly existed among protest groups over the reasons for and the means by which to protest, and these have only intensified after the reversion to Japanese administration in 1972. This dissertation examines the trajectory of Okinawan protest actors, focusing on the development and nature of internal differences, the origin and survival of the idea of a united ‘Okinawan struggle’, and the implications of these factors for political reform agendas in Okinawa. It explains the internal differences in organisation, strategies and collective identities among the groups in terms of three major priorities in their protest. There are those protesters principally preoccupied with opposing the US-Japan security treaty and for whom the preservation of pacifist clauses of the Constitution and the utilisation of formal legal and political processes are paramount as a modus operandi. There are also those primarily concerned to protect Okinawa’s distinctive lifestyle and natural environment, as well as an assortment of feminist groups fundamentally opposed to the presence of US bases due to concerns about patriarchy and exploitation of women, fostered by militarism. In these last two perspectives, protest tends to be conducted much more via informal, network-oriented processes, and includes engagement with international civil society groups. The increasing range of protest groups derived from the expansion of these last two perspectives, diversifying beyond the traditional workers’ unions and political parties, is consistent with the ‘new social movement’ theory. This theory’s emphasis on the importance of socio economic change for the emergence of groups with post-materialist reform agendas and a stronger predisposition towards informal political processes resonates with the Okinawan experiences. However, the impact of this has been, especially after the reversion in 1972, to hinder effective coalition building among the Okinawan protest groups and organisations, weakening their power to bring about political reforms, particularly towards the removal of the US military bases from the island. Crucially, though, the idea of an ‘Okinawan struggle’ has endured in the community of protest throughout the post-war period. Ideas about marginalisation of, and discrimination against, Okinawans constitute a powerful myth of an ‘Okinawan struggle’, which has a long history of being redefined, used and exploited differently by a wide range of protest actors, adjusted to their particular and historically specific struggles. Indeed, in the event that the US military bases were withdrawn from Okinawa, the ability and appeal of the myth of an ‘Okinawan struggle’ would therefore not necessarily expire, even if it will increasingly be joined by other protest perspectives as a result of the flowering of new social movements.

Thesis (D. Min.)--Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary, 1988. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 366-379).

The largest part of Lima's Nikkei community is composed of Okinawan descendants. Therefore, the arts, gastronomy, and rites of Okinawa are cultural characteristics that are part of the lives of the members of this community. Although the native language of Okinawa (Uchinaguchi) is in danger of extinction, this paper exhibits that the practice of these cultural characteristics, at home and in community events and workshops, generates the transmission and reception of Uchinaguchi words ("uchinaguisms") in Lima's Nikkei community.

A memoir that focuses on the complications of growing as the only daughter of a mother from Okinawa and a father from the United States. They met at a nightclub, where her mother worked as a waitress, outside an Army base, where her father was stationed during U.S. Military occupation of the island. These marriages between Okinawan women and U.S. Servicemen have been quite common since 1945, after the Battle of Okinawa, when a massive complex of bases was first established. Okinawan women must leave their homes and their families to follow their husbands to the United States, where they are faced with challenges of racism, language barriers and isolation. Their children often grow up rejecting and resenting their Okinawan identities, causing further alienation.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 180-184). / Also available by subscription via World Wide Web / v, 184 leaves, bound 29 cm