Dendroarchaeology is often discussed with reference to prehistoric contexts; however, it is equally relevant in historical contexts. Dendroarchaeological analysis independently dates the modem reconstruction of prehistoric Kinishba Pueblo with higher resolution than known documentary sources provide and illuminates reroofing practices. Kinishba is a large Mountain Mogollon pueblo on the Fort Apache Indian Reservation in east-central Arizona. Historically, the reconstructed Kinishba is attributed to the 1930s work of Byron Cummings. Nineteen dates from structural beams in nine rooms of the pueblo form a tight cluster with a strong terminal peak at 1950. This peak combined with beam and architectural attributes provides evidence for an undocumented, extensive reroofing episode. Thus, the target event was not the building of reconstructed rooms as originally expected, but replacement of the original reconstructed roofs. This study illustrates two important dendroarchaeological points. First, preconceived ideas, even if based on sound research, should not influence sample dating, which should be free of bias. Second, this study illustrates the importance of tree-ring dates in archaeology and the potential conflict between other types of data and tree-ring dates.

Two independent local tree-ring chronologies of oak in the Netherlands are described. Chronology I contains recent wood, wood from mills, and paintings. This chronology begins in A.D. 1973 and goes back to 1385 and is thought to be from inland areas of the Netherlands and the adjacent German area. Chronology 11 is built up from paintings and sculptures and ranges from A.D. 1623 to 1140; the origin of the wood is presumed to be from a coastal site in the Netherlands.

Huber identified in samples from the forests of central Europe features for characterising by their wood structure the two species of British oak. We have confirmed for recently felled oaks the suitability of his method of analysis and applied it to timbers from ancient buildings and to samples from sub-fossil oaks. The two species appear to have persisted in separate locations during the last ice age. Such analysis of the numerous Holocene oaks in Europe now being dated by den - drochronology offers the possibility of studying the separate migration of the species.