published_or_final_version / Public Administration / Master / Master of Public Administration

published_or_final_version / Public Administration / Master / Master of Public Administration

This paper gives an overview of the historical changes in the budgets of the U.S. and U.A.E.; discusses the nature of national government spending and outlines how and why government budgets in both countries have changed ove time.

published_or_final_version / Urban Planning / Master / Master of Science in Urban Planning

"December 2003" / Bibliography: leaves 221-230. / vi, 230 leaves : ill. ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Public Health, 2004

Over the next decade the ‘Baby Boomer' cohort will increasingly contribute to the proportion of those aged 60 and over in Britain. The issue of how the mobility of older people has changed for different cohort groups has not been considered in a historical context. Ryder (1965) argued that cohort groups could be important in determining behaviour as have other social structural factors, such as socioeconomic status. This thesis merges the disciplines of transport geography and population studies using a novel approach of cohort analysis, which has not been used widely for studying mobility trends. Using National Travel Survey data from 1995-2008, the mobility trends of older people in Britain are explored by creating pseudo cohorts. Pseudo cohorts are artificially created datasets which are constructed from using repeated cross-sectional data (McIntosh, 2005, Uren, 2006). This technique can differentiate ‘age', ‘period' and ‘cohort' effects in mobility trends. Age effects are differences in behaviour between age groups i.e. changes in mobility associated with age itself. Period effects relate to changes in behaviour in all age groups over a period of time. Cohort effects are those associated with behaviour common to particular groups born around the same time (Glenn, 2005, Yang, 2007). The influence of the Scottish concessionary travel policy on the mobility of older people at the aggregate level is also considered using Scottish Household Survey data from 1999-2008. This policy is very blunt and based on assumptions about older age. As cohorts differ, these assumptions may no longer hold and therefore the policy may not be effective. This thesis argues, using a longitudinal demographic perspective, that structural effects shape mobility of cohorts differently over time. The findings reveal although mobility amongst older people is rising in general, there would actually be declining mobility were it not for the Boomer cohort. Amongst younger cohorts mobility is lower. The analysis also shows that women travel further than men, a fundamental break with the past, specific to this generation. This thesis illustrates the importance of cohort membership in explaining mobility change.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-06-13T12:25:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Gustavo Xavier Bassetto.pdf: 901809 bytes, checksum: b0bc7b95dec06efccf5f5e47baa49f09 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-13T12:25:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gustavo Xavier Bassetto.pdf: 901809 bytes, checksum: b0bc7b95dec06efccf5f5e47baa49f09 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-04 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This paper analyzes the historical evolution of health and elderly standards, the influence of international events on Brazilian norms, the recognition of the right to health as a fundamental right, the Brazilian health system from the Federal Constitution of 1988, norms the protection of the elderly and their health. The effectiveness of norms for the protection of the rights of the elderly can be determined by indicators from the political matrix and its objectives / Este trabalho analisa a evolução histórica das normas de saúde e do idoso, as influências frente aos acontecimentos internacionais nas normas brasileiras, o reconhecimento do direito à saúde como um direito fundamental, o sistema de saúde brasileiro a partir da Constituição Federal de 1988, as normas de proteção à pessoa idosa e à sua saúde. A efetividade das normas de proteção dos direitos da pessoa idosa pode ser apurada por indicadores a partir das matrizes políticas e de seus objetivos

貧窮既是一種客觀況，又是一種主觀心感受。既有的研究很少關注老年人自身關於貧窮的經驗，特別是缺乏華人社會背景下貧窮老人主觀經驗的研究。本研究試圖從個體的層面考察貧窮對於中國城市老人多重面向的負面影響，以及他們如何回應這些負面影響，在此基礎上為改善與貧窮老人有關的社會政策提出適切的建議。 / 基於這一研究目的，本研究從批判老年學和抗逆力的理論視角出發，採取建構主義範式和生命故事的研究取向，以中國北京的城市貧窮老人為例，選取17位城市貧窮老人為研究物件，深入研究中國城市貧窮老人的各種壓力，以及抗逆力的內外保護性因素回應這些壓力的機制及其所起到的作用。 / 研究發現，中國城市貧窮老人面臨經濟壓力、疾病與老化的壓力、逆反哺與照顧配偶的壓力，以及貧窮恥感的壓力。貧窮在城市老人的主觀經驗裡意味著多重壓力的相迭，這從主觀經驗的角度揭示了中國城市貧窮老人的多重弱勢。 / 作為抗逆力外在保護性因素的社會支持，它的實現機制因其類型的不同而相異。代際支持對提升抗逆力的作用受到代際團結和代際張力的共同影響；其他非正式支持對提升抗逆力的作用受到互惠關係的影響；社會政策的支持對提升抗逆力的作用受到人情倫理的雙重性和代群差異的影響。這些機制共同決定了貧窮老人的非正式支援日趨弱化，而社會政策和專業服務提供的正式支援有待加強。 / 作為貧窮老人抗逆力的內在保護性因素，工具性策略由獨立性的要求所驅動，意義創造遵循追尋自我價值和重構貧窮經驗這兩條路徑。意義創造在貧窮老人的內在保護性因素中發揮著更為根本性的作用。內外保護性因素的比較有助於我們識別城市貧窮老人中更脆弱的次群體。 / 基於這一研究發現，本研究在原有研究框架的基礎上，補充了貧窮老人的多重壓力和保護性因素的實現機制，擴展了貧窮老人抗逆力研究的研究框架。文章的最後提出了社會政策的具體建議。 / Poverty is both an objective condition and a kind of subjective psychological feeling. However, existing studies pay little attention to older people’s own experience of poverty, especially lacking of studies on subjective experience of the aged poor in the Chinese context. This research attempts to explore from the individual level, the multi-dimensional negative effects of poverty on the aged poor in urban China and how they respond to these impacts. On this basis, appropriate social policies were proposed to improve the living conditions of the aged poor. / Taking the constructivist position and life story approach, this study was conducted from the perspectives of resilience theory and critical gerontology and used the urban aged poor in Beijing, China as an example. Seventeen urban aged poor were selected as the sample for in-depth interview and their multiple stresses, and the mechanisms of internal and external protective factors of resilience in response to their stresses and their functions were investigated. / Research findings show that China’s urban aged poor suffer stresses from economic pressure, diseases and aging, taking care of their spouses, inverse nurturing, and shamefulness of poverty. Poverty means a combination of multiple stresses in the subjective experience of the urban poor elderly. This perspective reveals the multiple disadvantages of the Chinese urban aged poor. / Social support as the external protective factor of resilience, its implementation mechanisms are different by its types. The intergenational support in enhancing the function of resilience is influenced by intergenational solidarity and intergenational tension. Other informal social support in enhancing the function of resilience is affected by reciprocal relationship. Formal support from social policy in enhancing the function of resilience is influenced by the dual nature of interpersonal ethics as well as cohort differentiation. These mechanisms together determine that informal social support of the urban aged poor is gradually weakened. As a result, formal social support coming from social policy and professional social service has to be strengthened. / As one of the internal protective factors of resilience of the aged poor, the instrumental strategies are driven by the demands of independence. The other one of the internal protective factors, the creation of meaningfulness, develops towards two paths, one of which is in search of self-worthiness and the other reconstruction of experience of poverty. The significance of creation of meaningfulness in the internal protective factors of the aged poor exerts a more fundamental function. A combination of the internal and external protective factors can help us differentiate the more disadvantaged sub-group among the urban aged poor. / Based on the findings of the study, the original conceptual framework is reconstructed by supplementing the multiple stresses and the operating mechanisms of protective factors. This has expanded the research framework of studying resilience of the aged poor. Finally, some specific recommendations of social policy are provided. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 陳岩燕. / Thesis subitted: December 2012. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 456-499) / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Chen Yanyan. / Chapter 第一章 --- 緒論 --- p.1 / Chapter 第一節 --- 研究背景 --- p.1 / Chapter 第二節 --- 研究目的與研究意義 --- p.11 / Chapter 第三節 --- 本文的結構 --- p.13 / Chapter 第二章 --- 文獻回顧 --- p.14 / Chapter 第一節 --- 貧窮老人研究的回顧 --- p.14 / Chapter 第二節 --- 與老年貧窮相關的社會政策與研究發現 --- p.49 / Chapter 第三節 --- 與貧窮老人相關的理論解釋 --- p.80 / Chapter 第四節 --- 現有研究的不足 --- p.125 / Chapter 第三章 --- 研究設計 --- p.132 / Chapter 第一節 --- 概念框架 --- p.132 / Chapter 第二節 --- 研究方法 --- p.143 / Chapter 第四章 --- 中国城市貧窮老人的多重壓力 --- p.183 / Chapter 第一節 --- 經濟壓力 --- p.183 / Chapter 第二節 --- 老化和疾病的壓力 --- p.187 / Chapter 第三節 --- 逆反哺和照顧配偶的壓力 --- p.202 / Chapter 第四節 --- 貧窮恥感的壓力 --- p.226 / Chapter 第五節 --- 多重壓力相疊 --- p.237 / Chapter 第五章 --- 貧窮老人與非正式社會支持 --- p.240 / Chapter 第一节 --- 貧窮老人與代際支持 --- p.240 / Chapter 第二節 --- 貧窮老人與擴展家庭的支持 --- p.259 / Chapter 第三節 --- 貧窮老人與鄰里支持 --- p.271 / Chapter 第四節 --- 貧窮老人與其他非正式支持 --- p.291 / Chapter 第六章 --- 貧窮老人與正式社會支持 --- p.297 / Chapter 第一節 --- 貧窮老人與社會政策的支持 --- p.297 / Chapter 第二節 --- 貧窮老人對待社會政策支持的例外個案 --- p.319 / Chapter 第三節 --- 社會政策基層執行者的支持 --- p.325 / Chapter 第四節 --- 其他的正式社會支持 --- p.336 / Chapter 第七章 --- 貧窮老人的工具性策略與意義創造 --- p.347 / Chapter 第一節 --- 貧窮老人的工具性策略 --- p.348 / Chapter 第二節 --- 貧窮老人的意義創造 --- p.372 / Chapter 第八章 --- 討論 --- p.410 / Chapter 第一節 --- 多重壓力：中國城市貧窮老人的多重弱勢 --- p.411 / Chapter 第二節 --- 外在保護性因素：社會支持的再審視 --- p.414 / Chapter 第三節 --- 內在保護性因素 --- p.435 / Chapter 第四節 --- 對貧窮老人抗逆力理論框架的補充 --- p.441 / Chapter 第九章 --- 社會政策的啟示 --- p.445 / Chapter 一、 --- 優勢為本的社會政策 --- p.445 / Chapter 二、 --- 支持家庭的社會政策 --- p.446 / Chapter 三、 --- 雙重權利系統的社會政策 --- p.447 / Chapter 四、 --- 適度普惠的社會政策 --- p.448 / Chapter 第十章 --- 總結 --- p.450 / Chapter 第一節 --- 總結 --- p.450 / Chapter 第二節 --- 本研究的貢獻與局限 --- p.453 / p.456 / 附錄 --- p.500 / Chapter 附錄1： --- 200-2050年中國各年齡段男、女性人口增長趨勢 --- p.500 / Chapter 附錄2： --- 北京市歷年社會保障相關標準（1994-2011） --- p.501 / Chapter 附錄3： --- 受訪者的訪談時間與合計訪談時長 --- p.502 / Chapter 附錄4： --- 2009年11月第一次訪談大綱 --- p.504 / Chapter 附錄5： --- 2010年9月第二次訪談大綱 --- p.507

A study entitled `Phenomenological study of ageing amongst the older persons in Zambia' was undertaken with the purpose of gaining an understanding of the ageing phenomenon within the Zambian context and provide frameworks that could be used by policy-makers and health professionals to formulate guidelines or interventions relevant to the lived experiences of older persons and the meaning attached to ageing or being old, and consequently maintain or improve the quality of life of older persons of Zambia. The objectives of the study were to describe (1) the lived experiences of the older persons of Zambia, and (2) the meaning they attached to ageing or being old within the Zambian context. A transcendental phenomenological design within the qualitative naturalistic approach was used to guide the research process and to assist the researcher to reach the purpose and objectives of the study. Focus group and in-depth individual interviews were conducted to generate data from twenty-seven (27) informants. Fifteen (15) informants participated in the focus group interviews and twelve (12) in in-depth individual interviews. In total, 24 in-depth individual interviews were conducted in term of two interviews per informants, and two focus group interviews. Data collection covered a period of three months. Coliazzi (1978) and Giorgi (1985) techniques for qualitative data analysis were used and verbatim excerpts form the transcribed interviews were used to support the themes that emerged from data and to provide a richer picture of the situation. Three frameworks derived from the findings of this study: (1) framework of the lived experiences of older persons of Zambia, (2) framework of the meaning of ageing or being old and (3) framework for understanding ageing within the Zambian context. The researcher believed that these frameworks would make a meaningful contribution toward the understanding and the development of policies and interventions that would assist in enhancing or maintaining the quality of life of older people of Zambia. The main findings of the results of this study indicated three most significant dimensions of the lived experiences of the older persons (health, socio-economic and psychosocial) that need to be taken into account when planning for any programs or interventions aimed at maintaining or improving the quality of life of older persons of Zambia. These interventions and programs should also address the negative feelings or meanings attached to the above experiences. The main findings of the results of this study also showed that the meaning of being old or ageing in Zambia does not depend on the health, socio-economic and psychosocial living experiences of the older person but it depends largely on the inner values of the older persons, such as spiritual, emotional and cultural beliefs. This means that maintaining or improving the quality of life of older persons in Zambia would require comprehensive programs or interventions that should take into account the health, socio-economic, psychosocial, spiritual, emotional and cultural needs of the older people. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

A study entitled `Phenomenological study of ageing amongst the older persons in Zambia' was undertaken with the purpose of gaining an understanding of the ageing phenomenon within the Zambian context and provide frameworks that could be used by policy-makers and health professionals to formulate guidelines or interventions relevant to the lived experiences of older persons and the meaning attached to ageing or being old, and consequently maintain or improve the quality of life of older persons of Zambia. The objectives of the study were to describe (1) the lived experiences of the older persons of Zambia, and (2) the meaning they attached to ageing or being old within the Zambian context. A transcendental phenomenological design within the qualitative naturalistic approach was used to guide the research process and to assist the researcher to reach the purpose and objectives of the study. Focus group and in-depth individual interviews were conducted to generate data from twenty-seven (27) informants. Fifteen (15) informants participated in the focus group interviews and twelve (12) in in-depth individual interviews. In total, 24 in-depth individual interviews were conducted in term of two interviews per informants, and two focus group interviews. Data collection covered a period of three months. Coliazzi (1978) and Giorgi (1985) techniques for qualitative data analysis were used and verbatim excerpts form the transcribed interviews were used to support the themes that emerged from data and to provide a richer picture of the situation. Three frameworks derived from the findings of this study: (1) framework of the lived experiences of older persons of Zambia, (2) framework of the meaning of ageing or being old and (3) framework for understanding ageing within the Zambian context. The researcher believed that these frameworks would make a meaningful contribution toward the understanding and the development of policies and interventions that would assist in enhancing or maintaining the quality of life of older people of Zambia. The main findings of the results of this study indicated three most significant dimensions of the lived experiences of the older persons (health, socio-economic and psychosocial) that need to be taken into account when planning for any programs or interventions aimed at maintaining or improving the quality of life of older persons of Zambia. These interventions and programs should also address the negative feelings or meanings attached to the above experiences. The main findings of the results of this study also showed that the meaning of being old or ageing in Zambia does not depend on the health, socio-economic and psychosocial living experiences of the older person but it depends largely on the inner values of the older persons, such as spiritual, emotional and cultural beliefs. This means that maintaining or improving the quality of life of older persons in Zambia would require comprehensive programs or interventions that should take into account the health, socio-economic, psychosocial, spiritual, emotional and cultural needs of the older people. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)