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Convenience food use by the elderly populationWalters, Kathleen Roe January 1983 (has links)
M. S.
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Situational analysis of free-living elderly in Umlazi townshipMkhize, Nkumbulo Xolile January 2011 (has links)
Dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Magister
Technologiae: Consumer Science Food and Nutrition, Durban University of
Technology, 2011. / The objective of the study was to conduct a situational analysis of elderly people on state
pension living in Umlazi, KwaZulu-Natal South Africa. The research focused on the socioeconomic
status, dietary intake, nutritional status, and health status of this community.
Methodology
The sample comprised 270 (224 women and 46 men) randomly selected elderly people
within the 12 wards of Umlazi. The methods used for assessment included a sociodemographic
questionnaire which determined the socioeconomic status. A 24-hr recall
questionnaire and food frequency questionnaire were used to determine dietary intake, while
anthropometric measurements were conducted to determine the nutritional status. A health
questionnaire, including a salt administration questionnaire was used to determine the health
status of the elderly in this community. Trained field workers and nurses assisted in data
collection and food consumption data was captured and analysed by a qualified dietician
using Food Finder version 3.0 computer software program. Descriptive statistics
(frequencies, means, standard deviations and confidence intervals) were determined with the
assistance of a bio-statistician. Socio-demographic and health data were captured onto an
Excel(R) spreadsheet by the researcher. These questionnaires were analysed using the
Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows version 17, 0 software program.
Results
The majority of respondents lived in brick houses (84.8%) and the living space generally
consisted of more than three rooms (87.4%). However, the majority of respondents who lived
with >4 to 10 members were 67.4% whilst only 32.6% of households consisted of less than 4
members. The mean household size was 5.1 (±SD 2.9) people, this further illustrates that the
majority of respondents lived with 5 people per household. Grandchildren were present in
70% of the households with a mean of 3 (±SD 5) grandchildren in each household. Results
also indicate that 84.6% of the elderly were the bread winners in these households. The vast
majority of 87.8% of the population had no other source of income. The majority of
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respondents with an income had a total monthly income of R500- R1500 (82.9%) followed
by R1501- R2500 (14.1%) and only 3% had more than R2500 total income. Food expenditure
for most (80%) households was >R500 of the total income. Food shortages due to limited
income were frequent in 54% of households who regularly experienced this problem, whilst
26% sometimes experienced shortages, 15.4% often encounted shortages whereas 2.6%
encounted shortages seldomly and 2.2% never. A large majority of respondents owned
electrical assets, the most commonly owned included a televison (80.3%) , a radio (75.5%)
and a refrigerator (75.1).
The majority of food items consumed were carbohydrate based and the portion sizes were
relatively big, on average 1348.5g per day. The energy contribution from carbohydrates was
65% which is considered to be on the high side (WHO goals 55-75%). Protein intake was
fairly common, with a 15% contribution to energy from total protein (WHO goals 10-15%).
The frequency of vegetable and fruit intake was very low, the portion sizes were also small
and did not meet the recommended daily intake.
The energy contributions showed that 89.2% of the women consumed a diet that supplied
<100% of Estimated Energy Requirements (EERs) and all the men consumed <100% of the
EERs for energy. Sixty three percent of the women and 91.1% of the men consumed <100%
of the EARs for protein. The mean carbohydrate intake in the sample was significantly higher
than the EAR but the women consumed <100% of the EARs for carbohydrates (4.1%) and all
men consumed >100% of the EARs. The majority of the vitamins for both genders indicated
low intakes except for vitamin B12 and B6 in the case of men only. The majority of minerals
indicated low scores for micronutrients except for iron (36.6% for men) and potassium
(39.0% for men) which was consumed mostly by men than women. The mean Food Variety
Score (FVS) (±SD) for all the foods consumed from all the food groups in a period of seven
days was 25.8 (±14.6). The results revealed poor dietary diversity scoring. The cereal group
had the highest mean variety score 5.3 (±2.5) followed by vegetables 4.5 (±2.6), fruit 3.5
(±3.1), flesh foods 3.2 (±1.6), vitamin A-rich fruit and the vegetable group 3.1 (±1.7).
The anthropometric indices indicated that the mean age was 69.7 years (±SD 7.1) and mean
weight of 76.5 kg (±SD 17.3). The BMI scores for the total group indicated that 52% of the
respondents fell into the obese category (BMI = obese 1 >30, obese 2 >35 and obese 3> 40)
and 24% of the respondents were overweight (BMI = 25-29.9). Only 20% were of moderate
weight (BMI 18.5- 24.9). Although more men were overweight (34.2%) compared to 21.9%
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of women, more women (60.1%) were obese compared to men (18.8%). The majority (83%)
of the women were above the cut-off points for waist circumference ( 88cm) and 17% were
within the normal values whilst 74% of the men were within recommended cut-off points
( 102cm) and only 26% exceeded the recommended scores. The results indicate that 77% of
respondents were at risk of developing metabolic syndrome exceeding >0.5 waist-to-heightratio
(WHTR) and 23% were at lower risk. However, the women showed a higher risk of
87.4% and men only 47.9% for metabolic risk. The correlation was significant at the p=0.01
level. There was thus as highly significant relationship between BMI and WHTR ratio for
women.
The health survey results indicated that 90% of the elderly population were in various stages
of hypertension and 6% showed signs of developing hypertension. However, hypertension
was more prevelant in women (91%) than in the men (83%). There was a statistical
significant correlation (p=0.01) between waist circumference and systolic pressure for both
women and men. A high percentage (82%) of the participants reported that they were
currently on chronic medication whereas 18% were not using any chronic medication at the
time. Although hypertension was prevalent in most respondents, it was followed by self
reported diabetes (26.7%) and cancer (1.9%). Results show that elderly experienced
problems with following ereas in the body skeletal joints (72.6%) as well as eyes and teeth
were problematic in 75.9% of the respondents, followed by skin problems (29.6%) and ears
and nose problems (28.6%).
Results in the salt administrative questionnaire indicate that sodium intakes were below
WHO goals <2000mg. Results also show that a high percentage of respondents (60%)
generally never added salt to cooked food as the majority saw it as a health risk. Only 13%
added it always to cooked food and 21% added it sometimes.
Conclusions
The results in the study indicate the high prevelance of poverty, food insecurity and poor
nutritional and health status that compromises the quality of life of elderly living in this
community.
Recommendations
Long-term intervention studies must be prioritised to address economic, health, social and
demographic factors and future research is needed to cater for the growing needs of this
population group.
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Validation of dietary and physical activity measures in an older Chinese populationDeng, Hanbing, 鄧寒冰 January 2007 (has links)
published_or_final_version / abstract / Community Medicine / Master / Master of Philosophy
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The Response of Elderly People to a B-6 SupplementChaomuangbon, Sunthorn 08 1900 (has links)
Vitamin B-6 status was examined in a group of 46 elderly subjects who were selected from nursing home residents, hospital patients, and free living individuals in Denton County. Subjects were limited to men and women over 60 years of age. Erythrocyte aspartate aminotransferase stimulation with pyridoxal phosphate (in-vitro) was studied as the biochemical criterion of vitamin B-6 status. The pyridoxine status of these 46 subjects (the reference group) was measured in order to be able to identify people with a relatively poor B-6 status. A sub-group of the reference group was composed of 4 subjects who took B-6 supplements (supplemented group). There was no significant difference (0.05 level) in the basal activity, stimulated activity, percentage stimulation, or body weight, after treatment with 10 mg pyridoxine hydrochloride for 4 weeks, even though all 4 subjects had an improved B-6 status (based on percentage stimulation) after taking the supplement. The data indicated that of the 4 subjects tested, 2 showed a large change in the basal activity, stimulated activity, and percentage stimulation. The lack of significant difference (0.05 level) was probably due to a small sample size. One subject reported an increased appetite and body weight after treatment with pyridoxine.
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Development of a food multimix to address malnutrition amongst the elderlyMatiwane, N. B. 05 1900 (has links)
M. Tech. (Department of Hospitality, Faculty of Human Sciences), Vaal University of Technology / Introduction and purpose - The study was conducted in order to determine the nutritional
status of the elderly attending a care centre in Sharpeville in order to develop a novel food item, to address malnutrition and to test and analyse the novel food item for acceptability (sensory analysis) and shelflife.
Methodology - A randomly selected sample of 170 elderly, including males and females, aged sixty and above participated in the research. A cross-sectional survey included sociodemographic, health and twenty-four hour recall questionnaires as well as anthropometric and biochemical measurements. Trained fieldworkers assisted with data collection dietary intake and food measurements consumption data were captured and analysed with assistance of a qualified dietician using a Food Finder ® version 3.0 program in to determine the frequency, mean and standard deviations. The socio-demographic and health data, biochemical and anthropometric measurements were analysed for means and SDs.
Results - Although 100 percent of the elderly received a monthly pension, the majority
(72 percent) were bread winners in the households. The majority of households (65,8 percent) had a monthly income ofR 501-1 000. Eighty two percent of the respondents indicated that they bought food once a month and the food was bought mostly from local supermarkets (68,2percent) which are generally very expensive. Most households (63,1percent) spent less than R200 on food per week. Taking into consideration that the average household size was 4,9,
it was calculated to be less than R5,80 per person per day. The Top 20 food consumption list indicated that the majority of food items consumed were carbohydrate-based.
Dietary intake results confirmed that these households consumed mainly a carbohydrate-based diet and although the daily protein intake was sufficient, the diet was also deficient in total energy and dietary fibre, as well as a number of micronutrients including calcium, magnesium, zinc, selenium, iodine, thiamine, riboflavin, vitamins B6, C, D, E, biotin, pantothenate and folate.
These findings indicated the prevalence of undernutrition The biochemical data showed that 73,1 percent of the elderly had low serum zinc levels. A large percentage of men and women had sub-optimal haemoglobin levels. Most of the biochemical variables were within the normal range, however the mean cholesterol level was 5,4 ± 1 ,4mmol/l
which was higher than the normal range of 5,2mmolll.
The majority ofthe females were overweight and obese, signifying overnutrition in the sample of elderly people. The health status of the respondents was also compromised. A large number of subjects were taking chronic medication (55,9percent) and suffered from a number of disorders including painful joints (70,6percent), enteral infections 72,4 percent) and chronic headaches (48,2percent). Forty one percent received chronic hypertension medication A food multimix was formulated, which involved the blending of locally available, affordable, culturally acceptable and commonly consumed food commodities mixed proportionally, drawing on the 'nutrient strengths' of each component of the mix in order to optimise the nutritive value of the end-product without the need for fortification. The initial estimates of energy and nutrient content of the ingredients needed the appropriate food databases. The nutrient content was calculated using the SA food composition data and Food Finder/Dietary Manager®. At least 30 percent target ratio of the RDA was met in most nutrients in the food multimix. Proximate analysis was carried out to determine macronutrients such as energy, protein, carbohydrate and
micronutrients such as zinc and iron content of multimixes. Carbohydrate and energy content were derived using data gained from the analytical procedures. Sub-samples of formulated FMM recipes were taken and prepared for analysis and shelf life testing of the FMM, soup and spinach muffin was also carried. The end products of multimix formulated were two recipes namely cream spinach soup and low sodium spinach muffms. Eighty percent accepted the soup colour and 50percent liked the flavour, 55 percent of the elderly accepted the appearance, 75percent accepted the smell of the product. The dried spinach was mixed with the apple blended well and regarding taste, only 15 percent disliked the taste.
Conclusions: The results of this study confirmed that a novel food item such as FMM can be developed to meet certain criteria.
Recommendations: Further research is required where long-term effects of the implementation of the multimix in the diet of the elderly can be investigated.
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Adequacy of fluid intake of an elderly nursing home populationChidester, June C. January 1993 (has links)
The actual fluid intake of forty (40) residents of a nursing home was determined by an analysis of detailed three-day food and fluid intake records obtained by direct observation. Intake was compared to an established standard to determine the adequacy of fluid intake for this population. Subjects were grouped in two groups according to age (<85 years and >85 years) to determine whether age influenced fluid intake. In addition, data such as number and frequency of medications and dependency factors, such as ability to feed self, ability to communicate, ability to move and ability to make decisions, were collected and correlated.There was no significant difference between actual fluid intake and required fluid intake for the population a whole and for the two age groups. However, there were individuals who had very low fluid intakes suggesting other factors which influence fluid intake. There were positive correlations between fluid obtained from non meal feedings and frequency of medication delivery and number of medications delivered during a 24 hour period. In addition, there were positive correlations among the dependency factors. There was no correlation among any of the dependency factors and fluid intake for the group as a whole or for the two age groups.It was concluded from this study that this population of elderly nursing home residents obtained adequate fluid. Medication frequency and number appeared to influence the amount of fluid that a resident might obtain during non meal feedings. However, as a subject became more dependent, this factor did not affect the fluid intake of this population. / Department of Home Economics
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Perceived food autonomy : measurement and relationships with food satisfaction among assisted living residentsJambi, Hanan A. 17 September 2003 (has links)
The purpose of this exploratory study was to develop an instrument to measure
perceived food autonomy (PFA) among cognitively alert residents in state licensed
Assisted Living (AL) facilities, and to investigate the influence of PFA on food
satisfaction, while controlling for functional (physical, social, and psychological)
status, general health, and demographic characteristics. The study was designed to
achieve four objectives: 1) to define a theoretical framework for food autonomy
among residents in AL settings and to develop an instrument accordingly; 2) to
evaluate the content and construct validity of the PFA scale; 3) to evaluate the
reliability of the PFA scale; and 4) to investigate the effect of perceived food autonomy, functional (physical, social and psychological) status, and general health
on food satisfaction in AL settings.
Definitions for food autonomy and three underlying dimensions were
developed based on conceptualizations of personal autonomy for older adults in
long-term care settings, which provided a theoretical framework for the PFA scale
development. Content validity was established by expert panel evaluation and a
pilot study. Construct validity was achieved from factor analysis procedures with a
sample of 120 residents from eleven AL facilities. Cronbach's alpha measure of
internal consistency showed the 11-item PFA scale to be reliable (alpha = .71).
Multiple linear regression analysis examined the effect of residents' PFA,
health and functional status, and demographic characteristics on food satisfaction.
Food satisfaction was measured by a highly reliable (alpha = .87) scale that was
compiled for this study. Perceived food autonomy was the most significant
predictor of food satisfaction, explaining 37% of its variance. Residents'
perceptions of daily pain along with the joint effect of ADL needs and dentures use
made a lesser but significant contribution. Altogether, the above variables
explained 48% of the variance in residents' food satisfaction.
Application of reliable%instruments such as the PFA and FS scales can be
used by AL provider to guide food service quality improvement efforts. Residents'
PFA and food satisfaction should be periodically measured due to the typical
decline in overall health and functional status of AL residents. / Graduation date: 2004
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Food stamp participation by elderly households: effect of selected factorsMyers, Renny J. January 1980 (has links)
The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between selected economic, social, and institutional variables and participation in the Food Stamp Program by elderly households. Data reported by elderly households (i.e., having one member aged 60 or over) were drawn from data collected in the states of California and Virginia for the North Central Regional Project NC-152.
Interviewers collected data by conducting personal interviews with households between July, 1979 and May, 1980. Of the 150 elderly households, 59 had participated in the Food Stamp Program at some time in the 12 months preceding the interview and 91 were eligible for the program at the time of the interview but had not participated.
Multiple linear regression was used to analyze the data. The overall significance of the regression of participation in the Food Stamp Program on the linear combination of predictors was found to be statistically significant at the .05 level. The hypothesized relationships supported by the results were: (1) households receiving Supplemental Security Income are more likely tc participate than households net receiving SSI; (2) single person households are less likely to participate than households with more than one member; (3) households with a head aged 65 or over are less likely to participate than households with a head aged 59 or under; (4) households that have heard about the Food Stamp Program from a welfare worker are more likely to participate than households that have not beard about the Program from a welfare worker. / Master of Science
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Nutrition and aging: development and evaluation of a learning moduleRichardson, Suzanne January 1979 (has links)
M. S.
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An analysis of nutrition education received by senior citizens in the state of Virginia: Title III congregate mealsPoland, Betty Brown 12 June 2010 (has links)
The nutrition education component of the Virginia Agency on Aging congregate meal program of both rural and urban sites was studied. The focus of the study was the frequency of formal nutrition education, the source of the nutrition information received, the type of educational techniques that appeared to be most successful, the nutrition education background of the person offering the educational lesson, and whether or not there was positive response in dietary changes as a result of the nutrition education.
A questionnaire distributed by mail was completed by 121 congregate meal sites throughout the Commonwealth. Analysis of all components revealed no significant difference between the nutrition education received in rural and urban sites in Virginia.
Most meal sites received nutrition education at least once a month. The attendance rate by the seniors was the same as the attendance rate of other educational programs as reported in 80 percent of the meal sites. Most sites used materials the employee classified as professional sources. The study indicated that 77 percent of the site employees perceived an improvement in the dietary habits of the elderly as the result of the nutrition education provided by the congregate meal program. / Master of Science
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