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Pyroxene stability within kimberlite magma in the upper mantle : an experimental investigationBurness, Sara 04 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Entrainment and assimilation of xenolithic material during kimberlite ascent is considered to be important in shaping the chemistry of the magma and fuelling magma ascent by driving CO2 exsolution. Previous, but as yet unpublished experimental work from Stellenbosch University has demonstrated that orthopyroxene has a key role in this. Orthopyroxene is a very rare xenocrystic constituent of kimberlite but makes up a considerable fraction of the entrained xenolithic material. The initial study used a natural kimberlite composition (ADF1) doped with a peridotite mineral suite (by weight); 88 % ADF1 5% olivine, 5% orthopyroxene and 2% garnet-spinel intergrowth as a starting composition. The subsequent high PT experiments (1100 to 1300°C and 2.0 to 3.5GPa) established that equilibrium orthopyroxene is stable at 1100°C above 2.5GPa, at 1200°C above 2.5GPa and at 1300°C between 2.0 and 3.5GPa. At lower pressures orthopyroxene is completely digested by the experimental melt by the reaction; Mg2Si2O6 (opx) = Mg2SiO4 (ol) + SiO2 (in liquid). In contrast, clinopyroxene is a common phase in kimberlite and often occurs as more than one generation of crystals. Xenocrystic clinopyroxene is dominated by diopside compositions. However, rare omphacite is sometimes also inherited from an eclogite source. The Omphacite, like orthopyroxene, displays textural evidence of severe disequilibrium and may also contribute to the evolution of kimberlitic melt. Thus, a second study produced experiments on the ADF1 kimberlite material at upper mantle PT conditions (1100 to 1300°C and 2.0 to 4.0GPa) as well as an omphacite doped starting material (ADF1+O). These experiments examine the behaviour of pyroxene in kimberlite magma including the influence this may have on magma buoyancy. Within this PT range omphacitic clinopyroxene breaks-down via complex multipart reactions. At 1100°C and 2.0GPa reaction textures around remnant omphacite suggest that omphacite melts incongruently in a complex reaction similar to: Omp + Melt = Ap + Cr-diop + SiO2-enriched Melt. At 1300°C omphacite melts completely and is perceived to produce peritectic Cr-diopside, calcium-rich olivine, carbonate in the melt as well as enrich the melt in SiO2. The melts produced by both the ADF1+O and ADF1 compositions at 1300°C and 4.0GPa are reduced in SiO2 content and have increased TiO2, Cr2O3, Al2O3, MnO, CaO, K2O and P2O5 compared to their respective starting compositions. However, significantly higher proportions of Ca, Na and Fe observed within the ADF1+O melt is a direct consequence of omphacite melting. The ADF1+O starting composition produced equilibrium orthopyroxene above 1100°C and 4.0GPa as well as at 1300°C above 2.0GPa. At lower pressure the orthopyroxene melts incongruently to form peritectic olivine and more silica-rich melt compositions. This digestion favours CO2 exsolution. The effect of orthopyroxene melting can be seen in the melt compositions produced by the peridotite doped starting material (ADF1+P) of the initial study. At 1300°C and 2.0GPa, ADF1+P produced a siliceous melt (37.0 wt.% SiO2) enriched in Al and alkalis compared to the starting ADF1+P composition. This behaviour is directly attributed to xenocrystic orthopyroxene melting at high temperature. In contrast, at the same PT the original kimberlite (ADF1) composition produces a melt with 28.9 wt.% SiO2 and high Ca and Mg contents. Overall, with an increase in pressure the melts become enriched in alkalis and Al2O3 as a direct result of xenocrystic pyroxene melting. In addition, increased pressure allows for a greater solubility of CO2 within the melt. This results in a lower SiO2 melt content and the increased stabilization of equilibrium silica-rich mineral phases (i.e. olivine and equilibrium orthopyroxene). Within the peridotite doped static system (unpublished) the mineral separates with an average crystal size of 115μm ±10μm were all effectively digested in less than 48hours. Similarly, the omphacite doped experiments consumed the 150μm (±10μm) xenocrysts in under 24 hours. Thus, it is suggested that xenocrystic pyroxene is unstable in these experimental kimberlitic melt compositions and is likely to be efficiently assimilated in less than 24 hours. These experimental melts most likely resemble those of natural systems under upper mantle PT conditions. Therefore, pyroxene melting increases the silica content of the melt which in turn drives CO2 exsolution and ascent. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Meevoering en assimilasie van xenolitiese materiaal gedurenende kimberliet bestyging is beskou as belangrik in verband met die vorming van die chemie van die magma, en bevorder magma bestyging deur die aandrywing van CO2 ontmenging. Vorige, maar ongepubliseerde eksperimentele werk vanaf Stellenbosch Universiteit het gedemonstreer dat ortopirokseen ‘n sleutelrol hierin het, omrede ortopirokseen ‘n baie skaars xenokristiese bestanddeel van kimberliet is maar ‘n aansienlike fraksie van die meevoerde xenolitiese materiaal moet opmaak. Hierdie studie het ‘n natuurlike primere kimberliet komposisie (ADFI) gedoop met ‘n peridotiet mineraal reeks (per gewig); 88 % ADF1 5% olivien, 5% ortopirokseen en 2% granaat-spinel ingroeiing as begin komposisie gebruik. Die daaropvolgende hoë DT eksperimente (1100 tot 1300°C en 2.0 tot 3.5GPa) het vasgestel dat ewewigsortopirokseen stabiel is teen 1100°C bo 2.5GPa, 1200°C bo 2.5GPa en teen 1300°C vanaf 2.0 tot 3.5Gpa. Teen laer druk word ortopirokseen geheel verteer deur die eksperimentele smelting volgens die reaksie Mg2Si2O6 (opx) = Mg2SiO4 (ol) + SiO2 (in vloeistof). In kontras hiermee is clinopirokseen algemeen in kiemberliet en kom dikwels voor as meer as een generasie se kristalle. Diopsiet komposisies domineer xenokristiese klinopirokseen. Seldsame omfasiet is tog somtyds ook geërf vanaf ‘n eklogiet bron. Die omfasiet, soos ortopirokseen, vertoon teksturuele bewys van ernstige disekwilibrium en mag ook bydra tot die evolusie van kimberlitiese smelt. Dus was daar addisionele eksperimente uitgevoer op die ADF1 kimberliet material teen hoër mantel DT kondisies (1100 tot 1300°C en 2.0 tot 4.0GPa), asook ‘n begin materiaal gedoop met omfasiet (ADF1+O). Hierdie eksperimente ondersoek die gedrag van pirokseen in kiemberliet magma, asook die invloed wat dit sal hê op die dryfvermoë van die magma. Binne hierdie DT reeks breek omfasitiese klinopirokseen af via komplekse multideel reaksie prosesse. Teen 1100°C en 2.0Gpa stel reaksie teksture rondom die oorblywende omfasiet voor dat omfasiet ongelykvormig smelt deur ‘n komplekse reaksie soortgelyk aan: Omp + Smelt = Ap + Cr-diop + SiO2-verrykde Smelt. Teen 1300°C smelt omfasiet volkome en is waargeneem om peritektiese Cr-diopsiet, kalsiumryke olivien en kalsiet te produseer, sowel as dat dit die smelt verryk in SiO2. Die smeltings geprodiseer deur die ADF1+O en ADF1 massa komposisies teen 1300°C en 4.0GPa is verlaag in SiO2 inhoud en bevat verhoogde TiO2, Cr2O3, Al2O3, MnO, CaO, K2O en P2O5 in vergelyking met die onderskeie begin komposisies. Aansienlike hoër proporsies van Ca, Na en Fe is egter waargeneem in die ADF1+O smelt en is ‘n direkte gevolg van die smelting van omfasiet. Die ADF1+O begin samestelling het ewewigsortopirokseen bo 1100°C en 4.0Gpa geproduseer en massa teen 1300°C en 2.0 tot 4.0GPa. Teen laer druk smelt hierdie pirokseen inkongruent om peritektiese olivien en meer silika-ryke smelt samestellings te vorm, en ontmeng CO2. Die effek van ortopirokseen smelting kan aanskou word in die smelt samestellings wat produseer is deur die begin materiaal wat gedoop is in peridotiet (ADF1+P), in die oorspronklike studie. Teen 1300°C en 2.0GPa het ADF1+P ‘n silikahoudende smelt (37.0 wt.% SiO2) produseer wat verryk is in Al en alkalies in vergelyking met die ADF1+P massa samestelling. Hierdie gedrag is direk toegeskryf aan die xenokristiese ortopirokseen wat smelt teen hoë temperatuur. In kontras hiermee, teen dieselfde DT kondisies produseer die oorspronklike kiemberliet (ADF1) massa ‘n smelt met 28.86 gewigspersentasie SiO2 en hoë Ca en Mg inhoud. In die algeheel word die smeltings verryk in alkalies en Al2O3 teen verhoogde druk as ‘n derekte gevolg van xenokristiese pirokseen smelting. Verder laat verhoogde druk toe vir hoër oplosbaarheid van CO2 in die smelt, wat lei tot laer SiO2 inhoud en ‘n toename in stabilisering van ewewigs silika-ryke mineraal fases (dws. olivien en ewewigsortopirokseen). In die peridotiet gedoopde statiese sisteem (ongepubliseerd), was die mineraal skeiding met ‘n gemiddelde kristal grootte van 115μm ±10μm almal effektief verteer in minder as 48 ure. Soortgelyk hieraan het die omfasiet gedoopde eksperimente die 150μm (±10μm) sade onder 24 ure verteer. Dus stel dit voor dat xenokristiese pirokseen in naatuurlike sisteme onstabiel is in kiemberlietiese smelt samestellings en sal waarskynlik geassimileer wees in miner as 24 ure en ‘n meer silica-ryke kiemberlietiese smelt samestelling produseer terwyl dit CO2, ontmenging en bestyging aandryf.
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Mineral precipitates in eclogites from Donghai in the Sulu ultrahigh-pressure province, eastern ChinaTsai, Hsien-chang 16 January 2006 (has links)
This research studies 6 eclogites from Qinglongshan Donghai in the Sulu ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) province, eastern China. Petrographic microscope, Ramam spectrometer, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) are utilized to identify mineral compositions, microstructures and mineral precipitates. Optical observations show the eclogites with the following mineral assemblage: garnet + omphacite + amphibole + epidote + rutile ¡Ó quartz ¡Ó phengite ¡Ó kyanite ¡Ó coesite pseudomorph ¡Ó apatite ¡Ó talc. Oriented mineral precipitates are found within omphacite and within apatites.
The parallel precipitates in omphacite are quartz rods confirmed by electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and TEM diffraction patterns. The direction of the long axes of the quartz rods seem to have relation with the cleavage and with the parting of omphacite. The direction of the long axis of quartz is not necessarily the c axis direction of quartz. Pargasite is intergrown with quartz and the amounts of both minerals seem to have a positive relation. Pargasite contain element K which is not found in omphacite and there is no obvious crystallographic relation between quartz, pargasite, and omphacite.
There is amphibole exsolved from the omphacite and the crystallographic axes of tht exsolved amphibole parallel to those of omphacite. The a and c parameters for the two phases are equal while the b parameter of the amphibole is almost twice that of omphacite.
A two-stage growth mechanism for quartz and amphibole intergrown within omphacite is proposed: (1) very fine quartz rods exsolved (or aided with infilling fluids) from a supersilicic clinopyroxene during decompression, creating grain boundaries between quartz rods and host, (2) growth of amphibole and quartz along the grain boundaries with fluid participation and an expense of omphacite during retrograde metamorphism.
There are two different precipitates within apatites in different eclogites. One of the precipitates is calcium sulfate (anhydrite or gypsum) and the other is ferrous sulfide (pyrrhotite?). There was no report about calcium sulfate within apatite in UHP rocks before. The formation of sulfide (reduced) or sulfate (oxidized) is controlled by the fugacity of oxygen. According to the previous reports and the discoveries of this research, there are many different kinds of precipitates containing silicate incompatible elements in apatites. It can¡¦t be ruled out that the precipitates exsolved from apapites but apatites are more likely to act as sinks of silicate incompatible elements and different minerals precipitated within apatites under different redox conditions rather than exsolution processes.
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Origin of quartz and amphibole precipitates in omphacite in the ultrahigh-pressure metamorphosed eclogite from Xitieshan, North QaidamTsau, Yi-Chi 08 September 2011 (has links)
Oriented needle-shaped or rod-shaped quartz precipitates occur in clinopyroxenes have been commonly observed in eclogites or garnet peridotites from the high pressure or ultra-high pressure (HP/UHP) metamorphic belts, and their occurrence has been used as an indicator of UHP metamorphism. However, the origin of those quartz precipitates and their crystallographic orientation relationships with clinopyroxene hosts are still not clear. In order to understand the formation mechanisms and environments of the quartz precipitates, the present study has used electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) analysis, petrographic and scanning electron microscopy, and electron microprobe analysis to study textural features, mineral assemblages, mineral compositions, and crystallographic orientation relationships of mineral precipitates in the omphacite from Xitieshan, North Qaidam UHP metamorphic belt. The results show that the oriented rod-like precipitates in the omphacite hosts are mainly composed of quartz + edenite, and the rods are 5~20
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Mécanismes d'éclogitisation et conséquences mécaniques pour l'exhumation des roches métamorphiques de haute pressionRaimbourg, Hugues 28 October 2005 (has links) (PDF)
La Nappe de Lindås, au sein de l'Arc de Bergen, Norvège, est un massif anorthositique enfoui et partiellement éclogitisé en profondeur au cours de l'orogénèse calédonienne, qui fut relativement protégé de la rétromorphose pendant son retour vers la surface. L'étude de ces roches du faciès éclogitique nous permet donc de mieux comprendre le détail des processus d'éclogitisation et ses conséquences en terme d'exhumation et de circulation crustale dans les zones de collision. Les grenats granulitiques, bien que relativement résistants aux réactions métamorphiques, subissent lors de l'éclogitisation une fracturation intense et une rééquilibration partielle par diffusion à partir de leur frontière. L'observation au MEB (BSE) des différentes générations de grenat associées à l'épisode éclogitique, et l'estimation des compositions minérales d'équilibre par des méthodes thermobarométriques multi-équilibre, permet de mettre en lumière la vitesse de diffusion beaucoup plus lente du Ca par rapport aux cations métalliques dans le grenat granulitique lors de sa rééquilibration dans le faciès éclogitique. La distribution des orientations des fractures qui parcourent les grenats granulitiques hérités, montre que leur formation est la conséquence directe de la diminution de volume associée aux réactions métamorphiques. La propagation à petite échelle des domaines éclogitisés ne procède donc pas simplement par diffusion du fluide, mais par un processus complexe couplant diffusion, réactions métamorphiques et fracturation des minéraux granulitiques. La caractérisation de la cinématique de la déformation dans le faciès éclogitique de l'île d'Holsnøy, au sein de la Nappe de Lindås montre sa grande cohérence à l'échelle de la zone d'étude (5*5 km), reflétant l'action de forces aux limites, plutôt que de contraintes locales liées aux réactions métamorphiques. Le cisaillement en moyenne vers l'Est, géométriquement restauré dans le contexte de la subduction calédonienne, est interprété comme reflétant le découplage d'unités crustales du panneau plongeant, qui commencent ainsi leur retour vers la surface. La validité d'un tel modèle, où l'éclogitisation permet l'initiation de l'exhumation, est analysée dans le cadre du modèle analytique du chenal de subduction. L'éclogitisation, qui n'est ni instantanée ni spatialement homogène, modifie les propriétés de la croûte, notamment sa densité et sa viscosité. Alors que l'augmentation de densité réduit sa flottabilité, son adoucissement mécanique lui permet de se découpler du manteau lithosphérique qui la tire vers la profondeur. La compétition entre ces deux phénomènes, variable suivant la progression des transformations métamorphiques, est intégrée dans un unique paramètre adimensionnel, le nombre d'exhumation, dont la valeur décrit la capacité de la croûte à être exhumée. La subduction d'une croûte à fort nombre d'exhumation entraîne la création dans le canal de subduction d'un flux retour à partir du domaine partiellement éclogitisé. L'analyse des conditions de ce flux retour montre entre autres que les vitesses d'exhumation de l'ordre des vitesses de convergence des plaques lithosphériques ne sont possibles que pendant le régime transitoire entre l'enfouissement de croûte à faible et fort nombre d'exhumation. Ce travail, qui montre l'importance des réactions d'éclogitisation pour l'exhumation et plus généralement pour la dynamique des zones de collision, souligne en conséquence la nécessité de décrire avec précision les mécanismes micro- et macroscopiques qui permettent la progression et la propagation de l'éclogitisation.
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