Coherent optical data processing is recognised to be a natural solution to certain information processing problems. Attempts to exploit the benefits of optical processing are limited by the quality of available Spatial Light Modulators. Spatial Light Modulators are devices which controllably impress information onto the amplitude or phase of an optical wavefront. They are used both to input data into an opticaI system and as modulating elements within the system (often in the Fourier plane of a Fourier transform processor). This thesis describes the successful development of an electronically addressed spatial light modulator using liquid crystal as the light modulating material and a silicon integrated circuit as the addressing medium. It is a pixelated binary spatial light modulator operating in reflection. Each pixel contains a memory element which stores the programmed logical state of the pixel. The addressing and pixel circuits were fabricated in a 1.5m nMOS technology on a 10 mm square chip. Th e pixels are arranged on a square array containing 50 x 50 elements. The liquid crystal was configured to modulate the light amplitude using the hybrid field effect in a nematic liquid crystal. The spatial light modulator is used as a Fourier plane filter in a coherent optical processing system. Its performance is assessed and the direction of future research into this type of spatial light modulator is discussed.

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No description available.

Many optical processing systems rely critically on the availability of high performance, electrically-addressed spatial light modulators. Ferroelectric liquid crystal over silicon is an attractive spatial light modulator technology because it combines two well matched technologies. Ferroelectric liquid crystal modulating materials exhibit fast switching times with low operating voltages, while very large scale silicon integrated circuits offer high-frequency, low power operation, and versatile functionality. This thesis describes the design and characterisation of the SBS256 - a general purpose 256 x 256 pixel ferroelectric liquid crystal over silicon spatial light modulator that incorporates a static-RAM latch and an exclusive-OR gate at each pixel. The static-RAM latch provides robust data storage under high read-beam intensities, while the exclusive-OR gate permits the liquid crystal layer to be fully and efficiently charge balanced. The SBS256 spatial light modulator operates in a binary mode. However, many applications, including helmet-mounted displays and optoelectronic implementations of artificial neural networks, require devices with some level of grey-scale capability. The 2 kHz frame rate of the device, permits temporal multiplexing to be used as a means of generating discrete grey-scale in real-time. A second integrated circuit design is also presented. This prototype neuraldetector backplane consists of a 4 x 4 array of optical-in, electronic-out processing units. These can sample the temporally multiplexed grey-scale generated by the SBS256. The neurons implement the post-synaptic summing and thresholding function, and can respond to both positive and negative activations - a requirement of many artificial neural network models.

Este trabalho tem como cenário as redes ópticas de próxima geração, por onde trafegarão supercanais flexíveis, sincronizados e modulados a taxas variáveis que podem chegar à ordem de Terabit por segundo. Mais especificamente, focaliza o supercanal óptico gerado a partir de um único laser (laser semente) composto por portadoras ortogonais entre si, travadas em frequência e moduladas de maneira síncrona. Tal arranjo constitui um sistema de transmissão conhecido como OFDM óptico (optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, O-OFDM). Este esquema não requer banda de guarda entre canais, o que proporciona uma melhor eficiência espectral, se mantidas as condições de ortogonalidade mútua, quando comparado à técnica Nyquist WDM (Nyquist wavelength division multiplexing, N-WDM), usualmente reconhecida como base para os sistemas de próxima geração. Muitos são os desafios a serem vencidos antes que a técnica O-OFDM possa ser efetivamente implantada comercialmente e esta tese busca, através de um estudo de seus princípios de funcionamento e módulos constituintes, elencar os principais obstáculos e as possíveis maneira de superá-los. Sem pretender ser exaustivo em termos de tecnologias disponíveis para alcançar este fim, o objetivo é propor novas configurações de subsistemas e arquitetura de nó para o transmissor, o nó intermediário e o receptor coerente, capazes de executar, de forma relativamente simples no domínio óptico, as principais funcionalidades de uma transmissão ponto a ponto com nós deriva/insere intermediários. Através de simulações sistêmicas e demonstrações experimentais, como prova de conceito, dois cenários são abordados: análise do desempenho numa transmissão ponto a ponto, e operação em rede, com derivação e inserção de canal em nós intermediários. Ao final, através de uma análise qualitativa, é feita uma estimativa de componentes e subsistemas necessários para tornar a transmissão de sinais O-OFDM implementável por tecnologias de fotônica integrada que atenda, com eficiência espectral e economia de energia, a sempre crescente demanda de capacidade em sistemas de transmissão óptica. / This work focuses on the scenario of next generation optical networking, where flexible optical superchannels will propagate modulated at variable rates that can reach terabits per second. More specifically, it focuses on the optical superchannel generated from a single laser (seed laser) composed of orthogonal carriers, which are frequency-locked and synchronously modulated. Such arrangement constitutes a transmission system known as optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (O-OFDM). This scheme does not require guard band between channels, which provides a better spectral efficiency, if the conditions of mutual orthogonality are maintained, when compared to the Nyquist wavelength dividing multiplexing (N-WDM) technique, usually recognized as the basis for the next generation systems. There are many challenges to overcome before O-OFDM technique can be effectively deployed commercially and this thesis seeks, through a study of its operating principles and constituent modules, to identify the main obstacles and the possible ways of overcoming them. Without intending to be exhaustive in terms of available technologies to achieve this aim, the objective is to propose new configurations of subsystems and node architecture for the transmitter, the intermediate node and the coherent receiver, able to perform in the optical domain, in a relatively simple way, the main features a point-to-point transmission with nodes drifting/inserting intermediates. Through systemic simulations and some experimental demonstrations, as proof of concept, two scenarios are addressed: performance analysis in a point-to-point transmission, and network operation, with channel derivation and insertion at intermediate nodes. At the end, through a qualitative analysis, an estimate of components and subsystems is made to make the transmission of O-OFDM signals implementable by integrated photonics technologies that meet, with spectral efficiency and energy savings, the ever increasing capacity demand in optical transmission systems.

Este trabalho tem como cenário as redes ópticas de próxima geração, por onde trafegarão supercanais flexíveis, sincronizados e modulados a taxas variáveis que podem chegar à ordem de Terabit por segundo. Mais especificamente, focaliza o supercanal óptico gerado a partir de um único laser (laser semente) composto por portadoras ortogonais entre si, travadas em frequência e moduladas de maneira síncrona. Tal arranjo constitui um sistema de transmissão conhecido como OFDM óptico (optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, O-OFDM). Este esquema não requer banda de guarda entre canais, o que proporciona uma melhor eficiência espectral, se mantidas as condições de ortogonalidade mútua, quando comparado à técnica Nyquist WDM (Nyquist wavelength division multiplexing, N-WDM), usualmente reconhecida como base para os sistemas de próxima geração. Muitos são os desafios a serem vencidos antes que a técnica O-OFDM possa ser efetivamente implantada comercialmente e esta tese busca, através de um estudo de seus princípios de funcionamento e módulos constituintes, elencar os principais obstáculos e as possíveis maneira de superá-los. Sem pretender ser exaustivo em termos de tecnologias disponíveis para alcançar este fim, o objetivo é propor novas configurações de subsistemas e arquitetura de nó para o transmissor, o nó intermediário e o receptor coerente, capazes de executar, de forma relativamente simples no domínio óptico, as principais funcionalidades de uma transmissão ponto a ponto com nós deriva/insere intermediários. Através de simulações sistêmicas e demonstrações experimentais, como prova de conceito, dois cenários são abordados: análise do desempenho numa transmissão ponto a ponto, e operação em rede, com derivação e inserção de canal em nós intermediários. Ao final, através de uma análise qualitativa, é feita uma estimativa de componentes e subsistemas necessários para tornar a transmissão de sinais O-OFDM implementável por tecnologias de fotônica integrada que atenda, com eficiência espectral e economia de energia, a sempre crescente demanda de capacidade em sistemas de transmissão óptica. / This work focuses on the scenario of next generation optical networking, where flexible optical superchannels will propagate modulated at variable rates that can reach terabits per second. More specifically, it focuses on the optical superchannel generated from a single laser (seed laser) composed of orthogonal carriers, which are frequency-locked and synchronously modulated. Such arrangement constitutes a transmission system known as optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (O-OFDM). This scheme does not require guard band between channels, which provides a better spectral efficiency, if the conditions of mutual orthogonality are maintained, when compared to the Nyquist wavelength dividing multiplexing (N-WDM) technique, usually recognized as the basis for the next generation systems. There are many challenges to overcome before O-OFDM technique can be effectively deployed commercially and this thesis seeks, through a study of its operating principles and constituent modules, to identify the main obstacles and the possible ways of overcoming them. Without intending to be exhaustive in terms of available technologies to achieve this aim, the objective is to propose new configurations of subsystems and node architecture for the transmitter, the intermediate node and the coherent receiver, able to perform in the optical domain, in a relatively simple way, the main features a point-to-point transmission with nodes drifting/inserting intermediates. Through systemic simulations and some experimental demonstrations, as proof of concept, two scenarios are addressed: performance analysis in a point-to-point transmission, and network operation, with channel derivation and insertion at intermediate nodes. At the end, through a qualitative analysis, an estimate of components and subsystems is made to make the transmission of O-OFDM signals implementable by integrated photonics technologies that meet, with spectral efficiency and energy savings, the ever increasing capacity demand in optical transmission systems.

For many challenging problems where the mathematical description is not explicitly defined, artificial intelligence methods appear to be much more robust compared to traditional algorithms. Such methods share the common property of learning from examples in order to “explore” the problem to solve. Then, they generalize these examples to new and unseen input signals. The reservoir computing paradigm is a bio-inspired approach drawn from the theory of artificial Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) to process time-dependent data. This machine learning method was proposed independently by several research groups in the early 2000s. It has enabled a breakthrough in analog information processing, with several experiments demonstrating state-of-the-art performance for a wide range of hard nonlinear tasks. These tasks include for instance dynamic pattern classification, grammar modeling, speechrecognition, nonlinear channel equalization, detection of epileptic seizures, robot control, timeseries prediction, brain-machine interfacing, power system monitoring, financial forecasting, or handwriting recognition. A Reservoir Computer (RC) is composed of three different layers. There is first the neural network itself, called “reservoir”, which consists of a large number of internal variables (i.e. reservoir states) all interconnected together to exchange information. The internal dynamics of such a system, driven by a function of the inputs and the former reservoir states, is thus extremely rich. Through an input layer, a time-dependent input signal is applied to all the internal variables to disturb the neural network dynamics. Then, in the output layer, all these reservoir states are processed, often by taking a linear combination thereof at each time-step, to compute the output signal. Let us note that the presence of a non-linearity somewhere in the system is essential to reach high performance computing on nonlinear tasks. The principal novelty of the reservoir computing paradigm was to propose an RNN where most of the connection weights are generated randomly, except for the weights adjusted to compute the output signal from a linear combination of the reservoir states. In addition, some global parameters can be tuned to get the best performance, depending on the reservoir architecture and on the task. This simple and easy process considerably decreases the training complexity compared to traditional RNNs, for which all the weights needed to be optimized. RC algorithms can be programmed using modern traditional processors. But these electronic processors are better suited to digital processing for which a lot of transistors continuously need to be switched on and off, leading to higher power consumption. As we can intuitively understand, processors with hardware directly dedicated to RC operations – in otherwords analog bio-inspired processors – could be much more efficient regarding both speed and power consumption. Based on the same idea of high speed and low power consumption, the last few decades have seen an increasing use of coherent optics in the transport of information thanks to its high bandwidth and high power efficiency advantages. In order to address the future challenge of high performance, high speed, and power efficient nontrivial computing, it is thus natural to turn towards optical implementations of RCs using coherent light. Over the last few years, several physical implementations of RCs using optics and (opto)electronics have been successfully demonstrated. In the present PhD thesis, the reservoirs are based on a large coherently driven linear passive fiber cavity. The internal states are encoded by time-multiplexing in the cavity. Each reservoir state is therefore processed sequentially. This reservoir architecture exhibits many qualities that were either absent or not simultaneously present in previous works: we can perform analog optical signal processing; the easy tunability of each key parameter achieves the best operating point for each task; the system is able to reach a strikingly weak noise floor thanks to the absence of active elements in the reservoir itself; a richer dynamics is provided by operating in coherent light, as the reservoir states are encoded in both the amplitude and the phase of the electromagnetic field; high power efficiency is obtained as a result of the passive nature and simplicity of the setup. However, it is important to note that at this stage we have only obtained low optical power consumption for the reservoir itself. We have not tried to minimize the overall power consumption, including all control electronics. The first experiment reported in chapter 4 uses a quadratic non-linearity on each reservoir state in the output layer. This non-linearity is provided by a readout photodiode since it produces a current proportional to the intensity of the light. On a number of benchmark tasks widely used in the reservoir computing community, the error rates demonstrated with this RC architecture – both in simulation and experimentally – are, to our knowledge, the lowest obtained so far. Furthermore, the analytic model describing our experiment is also of interest, asit constitutes a very simple high performance RC algorithm. The setup reported in chapter 4 requires offline digital post-processing to compute its output signal by summing the weighted reservoir states at each time-step. In chapter 5, we numerically study a realistic model of an optoelectronic “analog readout layer” adapted on the setup presented in chapter 4. This readout layer is based on an RLC low-pass filter acting as an integrator over the weighted reservoir states to autonomously generate the RC output signal. On three benchmark tasks, we obtained very good simulation results that need to be confirmed experimentally in the future. These promising simulation results pave the way for standalone high performance physical reservoir computers.The RC architecture presented in chapter 5 is an autonomous optoelectronic implementation able to electrically generate its output signal. In order to contribute to the challenge of all-optical computing, chapter 6 highlights the possibility of processing information autonomously and optically using an RC based on two coherently driven passive linear cavities. The first one constitutes the reservoir itself and pumps the second one, which acts as an optical integrator onthe weighted reservoir states to optically generate the RC output signal after sampling. A sine non-linearity is implemented on the input signal, whereas both the reservoir and the readout layer are kept linear. Let us note that, because the non-linearity in this system is provided by a Mach-Zehnder modulator on the input signal, the input signal of this RC configuration needs to be an electrical signal. On the contrary, the RC implementation presented in chapter 5 processes optical input signals, but its output is electrical. We obtained very good simulation results on a single task and promising experimental results on two tasks. At the end of this chapter, interesting perspectives are pointed out to improve the performance of this challenging experiment. This system constitutes the first autonomous photonic RC able to optically generate its output signal. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished