This thesis focuses on the development of two novel imaging technologies which will serve as the basis for the future development of a two field-of-view or "Bi-FOV" endoscope capable of imaging at both microscopic and macroscopic regimes simultaneously. The goal of the Bi-FOV is to provide clinicians with a better tool for pre- and early cancer detection. The first technology developed makes it possible to obtain low cost, high performance, miniature optical systems for use in the microscopic portion of the Bi-FOV endoscope. The second technology developed for the Bi-FOV is a real-time snapshot hyperspectral endoscope called the IMS endoscope. The IMS endoscope is based on an image mapping technique which is capable of achieving high temporal and spatial resolution, excellent optical throughput, and low costs. The parallel, high throughput nature of this technique enables the device to operate at frame rates of 5.2 fps while collecting a 3D (x, y, gamma ) datacube of 350 x 350 x 48. We have successfully imaged tissue in vivo resolving tissue vasculature and oxy-hemoglobin which are important early cancer biomarkers.

This thesis presents the experimental work on the applications of surface plasmon polariton (SPP) in terahertz (THz) spectral range. Apertureless near-field optical microscopy (ANSOM) has been widely used to study the localized SPP on various material surfaces. THz ANSOM technique was recently developed to combine the THz time-domain spectroscopy and the ANSOM technique to provide a near-field detection on the localized THz surface waves with improved spatial resolution and signal-noise ratio. We have studied the metal-insulator transition in vanadium dioxide (VO2) thin film using THz ANSOM. We observe a variation of the terahertz amplitude due to the phase transition induced by an applied voltage across the sample. The change of the terahertz signal is related to the abrupt change of the conductivity of the VO2 film at the metal-insulator transition. The subwavelength spatial resolution of this near-field microscopy makes it possible to detect signatures of metallic domains, which exist in the VO2 thin films in the vicinity of the phase transition. We experimentally investigate the propagation of guided waves in finite-width parallel-plate waveguides (PPWGs) in the terahertz spectral range. We observe the propagation of SPPs in this guiding structure, instead of the fundamental transverse electromagnetic (TEM) mode. We find that the two-dimensional (2-D) energy confinement within the finite-width PPWG increases exponentially as the plate separation is reduced. We speculate that edge plasmons play an important role in the energy confinement in this open-structure waveguide. For comparison, the infinite-width PPWGs, the plates of which are much wider than the THz beam size, are also studied with several plate separations. The free-space beam diffraction produces a Gaussian profile along the unconfined direction. The unusual electric field profiles along the vertical direction, perpendicular to the plate are observed. The field enhancement near the metal surfaces are also explained by the SPPs coupled to the metal surfaces. Based on the 2-D energy confinement in the finite-width PPWGs, we design the tapered slot waveguide by slowly tapering the plate width and slot gap. We first study the transverse component of the THz electric field, where a subwavelength 2-D energy confinement is observed. The output spot size strongly depends on the output facet size, where the slot gap and the tip width are in the same scale range. Subwavelength confinement is obtained, corresponding to lambda/4. Further confinement is limited by the spatial resolution of the detecting technique. To overcome this problem, we adapt the THz ASNOM setup to scattering-probe imaging technique, which has been proven to obtain deep subwavelength spatial resolution and great signal-noise ratio. Scattering-probe imaging setup measures the longitudinal component of the electric field of SPPs in the tapered slot waveguides. By slowly tapering the tip width and the slot gap, we squeeze a single-cycle THz pulse down to a size of 10 mum (lambda/260) by 18 mum (lambda/145), a mode area of only 2.6 x 10-5lambda2. We also observe a polarity reversal for the electric field between the guiding region near the upper and lower plates of the waveguide. This polarity flip is similar to that associated with the symmetric plasmon mode of slot waveguides.

An image mapping spectrometer (IMS) for microscopy applications is presented. Its principle is based on the redirecting of image zones by specially organized thin mirrors within a custom fabricated component termed an image mapper. The demonstrated prototype can simultaneously acquire a 140nm spectral range within its 2D field of view from a single image. The spectral resolution of the system is 5.6nm. The FOV and spatial resolution of the IMS depend on the selected microscope objective and for the results presented is 45x45mu 2 and 0.45mum respectively. The system requires no scanning and minimal post data processing. In addition, the reflective nature of the image mapper and use of prisms for spectral dispersion make the system light efficient. Both of the above features are highly valuable for real time fluorescent-spectral imaging in biological and diagnostic applications.

In this report a model analysis is presented for three different nanostructured layers: silicon nanotips (SiNTs), gold nanosandwiches and Split Ring Resonators (SRR). The last two materials are metamaterials and both may show a negative refraction index. Experimental data are obtained for every sample using a variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometer. For the gold nanosandwiches, also an infrared ellipsometric measurement is done. For complex layers like these, advanced modeling is necessary. A recently developed analysis program including options for both anisotropic permittivity and permeability is used. A realistic model is presented in this report for the gold nanosandwiches, which also includes the magnetic activity in the layer itself. The results for the nanosandwiches are reasonable, and a magnetic oscillation is found in the horizontal plane at around 260 nm although it was not expected to have a resonance that far in the UV-range. For the SiNTs and the SRR it was not possible to create an acceptable model.

<p>In this report a model analysis is presented for three different nanostructured layers: silicon nanotips (SiNTs), gold nanosandwiches and Split Ring Resonators (SRR). The last two materials are metamaterials and both may show a negative refraction index. Experimental data are obtained for every sample using a variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometer. For the gold nanosandwiches, also an infrared ellipsometric measurement is done. For complex layers like these, advanced modeling is necessary. A recently developed analysis program including options for both anisotropic permittivity and permeability is used. A realistic model is presented in this report for the gold nanosandwiches, which also includes the magnetic activity in the layer itself. The results for the nanosandwiches are reasonable, and a magnetic oscillation is found in the horizontal plane at around 260 nm although it was not expected to have a resonance that far in the UV-range. For the SiNTs and the SRR it was not possible to create an acceptable model.</p>

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2001. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 165-184).

Thesis (doctoral)--Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Berlin, 1861. / Vita.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universitate Friderica Guilelma, 1864. / Vita.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2003. / Supervisor: William C. Schieve. Vita. Includes bibliographical references. Available also from UMI Company.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Lehigh University, 2009. / Adviser: Boon S. Ooi.