This thesis addresses the challenges in the efficient and robust generation and optimization of three-dimensional landing trajectories for fixed-wing aircraft subject to prescribed boundary conditions and constraints on maneuverability and collision avoidance. In particular, this thesis focuses on the airliner emergency landing scenario and the minimization of landing time. The main contribution of the thesis is two-fold. First, it provides a hierarchical scheme for integrating the complementary strength of a variety of methods in path planning and trajectory optimization for the improvement in efficiency and robustness of the overall landing trajectory optimization algorithm. The second contribution is the development of new techniques and results in mesh refinement for numerical optimal control, optimal path tracking, and smooth path generation, which are all integrated in a hierarchical scheme and applied to the landing trajectory optimization problem. A density function based grid generation method is developed for the mesh refinement process during numerical optimal control. A numerical algorithm is developed based on this technique for solving general optimal control problems, and is used for optimizing aircraft landing trajectories. A path smoothing technique is proposed for recovering feasibility of the path and improving the tracking performance by modifying the path geometry. The optimal aircraft path tracking problem is studied and analytical results are presented for both the minimum-time, and minimum-energy tracking with fixed time of arrival. The path smoothing and optimal path tracking methods work together with the geometric path planner to provide a set of feasible initial guess to the numerical optimal control algorithm. The trajectory optimization algorithm in this thesis was tested by simulation experiments using flight data from two previous airliner accidents under emergency landing scenarios.The real-time application of the landing trajectory optimization algorithm as part of the aircraft on-board automation avionics system has the potential to provide effective guidelines to the pilots for improving the fuel consumption during normal landing process, and help enhancing flight safety under emergency landing scenarios. The proposed algorithms can also help design optimal take-off and landing trajectories and procedures for airports.

Orientadores: Rubens Maciel Filho, Eduardo Coselli Vasco de Toledo / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T10:33:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_MarcelaG.Motados_D.pdf: 1519927 bytes, checksum: 9ed575105854208c7e8d99f024c4128a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi a avaliação de estratégias de controle clássicas e hierárquicas em tempo real. Utilizou-se como estudo de caso a hidrogenação de o-cresol em reator de lama catalítico trifásico com catalisador sólido para validar as propostas de otimização em tempo real, devido à importância inerente deste tipo de processo, uma vez que reatores catalíticos trifásicos estão presentes em muitos processos das indústrias químicas, petroquímicas e afins, havendo uma preferência crescente em comparação com outros tipos de reatores mais convencionais. Foi investigada neste trabalho a performance de algumas versões do algoritmo de controle avançado DMC (Dynamic Matrix Control) em sua forma quadrática (QDMC - Quadratic Dynamic Matrix Control) e adaptativa (STQDMC - Self Tuning Quadratic Dynamic Matrix Control) sob diferentes estratégias de controle (feedback, feedforward e mista). O processo foi representado através de modelos determinísticos e estatísticos. Foi proposta uma metodologia alternativa para a definição dos parâmetros ótimos do modelo para a faixa de operação válida para este estudo baseada em princípios de análise de superfícies de resposta. Devido à importância de otimização dos processos para o alcance de objetivos operacionais e econômicos, foram também avaliadas estruturas de otimização em duas camadas, utilizando-se para este fim os algoritmos de otimização baseados nos procedimentos de Levenberg-Marquardt e SQP (Sequential Quadratic Programming). Foram propostas estruturas tradicionais de otimização em duas camadas, na qual o otimizador gera os set-points para o controlador, mas, além disso, foi proposta uma estrutura alternativa, na qual o otimizador, além de gerar os set-points para o controlador, envia também os valores ótimos para a variável manipulada, tornando este procedimento, na maioria dos casos, mais rápido e eficiente. Ainda no campo da otimização em tempo real, são apresentadas as bases matemáticas para a implementação de uma estrutura de otimização em uma camada, na qual os problemas de controle e otimização são resolvidos simultaneamente, sendo este procedimento sugerido como sugestão para trabalhos futuros. Os estudos realizados neste trabalho permitiram concluir que a estratégia de otimização em duas camadas apresenta resultados satisfatórios. Além disso, sempre deve-se ter em mente os objetivos de controle e otimização para que se possa ponderar a utilização das estratégias de controle feedback ou feedforward, e até mesmo uma combinação entre as duas / Abstract: The principal objective of this work was the evaluation of classic and hierarchical control strategies in real time. It was used as case study the o-cresol hydrogenation in a three-phase slurry reactor with solid catalyst to validate the real time optimization approaches, due to the inherent importance of this process, since these reactors are present in many processes of the chemical and petrochemicals industries, with growing preference in comparison with other types of more conventional reactors. It was investigated the performance of some versions of the advanced control algorithm DMC (Dynamic Matrix Control) in a quadratic (QDMC - Quadratic Dynamic Matrix Control) and adaptive (STQDMC - Self Tuning Quadratic Dynamic Matrix Control) form under different control strategies (feedback, feedforward and mixed). The process was represented through deterministic and statistical models. An alternative methodology was proposed for the definition of the optimal model parameters for the valid operational range based on principles of response surface analysis. It was evaluated two-Iayers structure optimization, using optimization algorithms based on Levenberg-Marquardt and SQP (Sequential Quadratic Programming) procedures. Traditional two-layers optimization approaches were proposed. In this approach the optimizer generates the set-points for the controller. Besides, an alternative approach was proposed where the optimizer, besides generating the set-points for the controller, also sends the optimal values for the manipulated variables, becoming this procedure, in most of the cases, faster and efficient. In relation to real time optimization, the mathematical bases are presented for the one-Iayer optimization approach implementation. Here the control and optimization problems are simultaneously resolved. According to this work, the two-Iayers optimization approach presents suitable results. Besides, it should always be considered the control and optimization objectives, in order to weight the feedback or feedforward control strategies and even a mixed one / Doutorado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos / Doutor em Engenharia Química