Thesis (Ph. D.)--Rutgers University, 2009. / "Graduate Program in Applied Physics." Includes bibliographical references (p. 88-93).

The prospect of finding life outside Earth has fascinated mankind for ages, and new technology continuously pushes the boundary of how remote and how obscure evidence we can find. Employing smaller, or completely new, types of landers and robots, and equipping them with miniature instruments would indeed revolutionize exploration of other planets and moons. In this thesis, microsystems technology is used to create a miniature high-precision isotope-resolving molecular spectrometer utilizing the optogalvanic effect. The heart of the instrument, as well as this thesis, is a microplasma source. The plasma source is a split-ring resonator, chosen for its simplicity, pressure range and easily accessible plasma, and modified to fit the challenging application, e.g., by the adding of an additional ground plane for improved electromagnetic shielding, and the integration of microscopic plasma probes to extract the pristine optogalvanic signal. Plasma sources of this kind have been manufactured in both printed circuit board and alumina, the latter for its chemical inertness and for compatibility with other devices in a total analysis system. From previous studies, classical optogalvanic spectroscopy (OGS), although being very sensitive, is known to suffer from stability and reproducibility issues. In this thesis several studies were conducted to investigate and improve these shortcomings, and to improve the signal-to-noise ratio. Moreover, extensive work was put into understanding the underlying physics of the technique. The plasma sources developed here, are the first ever miniature devices to be used in OGS, and exhibits several benefits compared to traditional solutions. Furthermore, it has been confirmed that OGS scales well with miniaturization. For example, the signal strength does not decrease as the volume is reduced like in regular absorption spectroscopy. Moreover, the stability and reproducibility are greatly increased, in some cases as much as by two orders of magnitude, compared with recent studies made on a classical OGS setup. The signal-to-noise ratio has also been greatly improved, e.g., by enclosing the sample cell and by biasing the plasma. Another benefit of a miniature sample cell is the miniscule amount of sample it requires, which can be important in many applications where only small amounts of sample are available. To conclude: With this work, an important step toward a miniature, yet highly performing, instrument for detection of extraterrestrial life, has been taken.

Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) is by far the predominant technology deployed for radiocarbon tracer studies. Applications are widespread from archaeology to biological, environmental, and pharmaceutical sciences. In spite of its excellent performance, AMS is expensive and complicated to operate. Consequently, alternative detection techniques for 14C are of great interest, with the vision of a compact, user-friendly, and inexpensive analytical method. Here, we report on the use of intracavity optogalvanic spectroscopy (ICOGS) for measurements of the 14C/12C ratio. This new detection technique was developed by Murnick et al. (2008). In the infrared (IR) region, CO2 molecules have strong absorption coefficients. The IR-absorption lines are narrow in line width and shifted for different carbon isotopes. These properties can potentially be exploited to detect 14CO2, 13CO2, or 12CO2 molecules unambiguously. In ICOGS, the sample is in the form of CO2 gas, eliminating the graphitization step that h is required in most AMS labs. The status of the ICOGS setup in Uppsala is presented. The system is operational but not yet fully developed. Data are presented for initial results that illustrate the dependence of the optogalvanic signal on various parameters, such as background and plasma-induced changes in the sample gas composition.

Apresentamos os resultados de medidas espectroscópicas feitas em átomos de elementos contidos em uma descarga elétrica do tipo catodo oco, usando um laser sintonizável de emissão contínua. Com experiências de absorção ótica foi possível determinar a densidade populacional e a temperatura dos átomos de 238U no estado fundamental, em função dos vários parâmetros que caracterizam a descarga. Desenvolvemos um método para a determinação da potência de saturação e calculamos o valor do produto para a transição 0 16.900cm-1 do 238UI. De forma alternativa às medidas óticas oudemos estudar a interação fóton-átomo analisando o sinal optogalvânico induzido na descarga pela radiação laser, com frequência sintonizada na mesma transição atômica do urânio e em função dos parâmetros anteriormente considerados. Os resultados obtidos com as experiências de absorção ótica e espectroscopia optogalvânica / The results of spectroscopic measurements obtained with atomic species present in a hollow cathode type discharge are reported. Using laser optical absorption techniques it was possible to get the population density and the atomic temperature of the 238UI ground state as a function of some discharge parameters. A method to determine the laser saturation intensity was developed, so the value of the product for the 0 16.900cm-1 238UI transition could be calculated. It was also possible to study the photon-atom interaction through the analysis of the optogalvanic signal induced in the laser radiation as a function of the same parameters considered before. Optogalvanic spectroscopy and optical absorption experiments showed the spatial distribution of the atoms in the ground state and excited states inside the cathode. In another set of experiments, a new way of inducing optogalvanic effect was investigated without using a tunable dye laser as the axcitation source. Measurements were done with two copper hollow cathode tubes filled with different gases, that were used as excitation source radiation and as signal detector. The results suggest that it is possible to use the new spectroscopy tecnique for qualitative and quantitative material analysis.

Apresentamos os resultados de medidas espectroscópicas feitas em átomos de elementos contidos em uma descarga elétrica do tipo catodo oco, usando um laser sintonizável de emissão contínua. Com experiências de absorção ótica foi possível determinar a densidade populacional e a temperatura dos átomos de 238U no estado fundamental, em função dos vários parâmetros que caracterizam a descarga. Desenvolvemos um método para a determinação da potência de saturação e calculamos o valor do produto para a transição 0 16.900cm-1 do 238UI. De forma alternativa às medidas óticas oudemos estudar a interação fóton-átomo analisando o sinal optogalvânico induzido na descarga pela radiação laser, com frequência sintonizada na mesma transição atômica do urânio e em função dos parâmetros anteriormente considerados. Os resultados obtidos com as experiências de absorção ótica e espectroscopia optogalvânica / The results of spectroscopic measurements obtained with atomic species present in a hollow cathode type discharge are reported. Using laser optical absorption techniques it was possible to get the population density and the atomic temperature of the 238UI ground state as a function of some discharge parameters. A method to determine the laser saturation intensity was developed, so the value of the product for the 0 16.900cm-1 238UI transition could be calculated. It was also possible to study the photon-atom interaction through the analysis of the optogalvanic signal induced in the laser radiation as a function of the same parameters considered before. Optogalvanic spectroscopy and optical absorption experiments showed the spatial distribution of the atoms in the ground state and excited states inside the cathode. In another set of experiments, a new way of inducing optogalvanic effect was investigated without using a tunable dye laser as the axcitation source. Measurements were done with two copper hollow cathode tubes filled with different gases, that were used as excitation source radiation and as signal detector. The results suggest that it is possible to use the new spectroscopy tecnique for qualitative and quantitative material analysis.