The study begins with a look at the sociological foundations underlying the Department of Family Services and the social institutions of law and marriage and the family. In order to present the working operation of the agency there are chapters dealing with custody and visitation and marriage and family counseling. This work is defined, and the methods involved are explained and illustrated. An historical overview of the agency with regard to personal, policy and orientation is presented.

The role of fish in the Native American economy of the lower Columbia River has never been considered in detail. My study focused on the Columbia River from its mouth to the Cascades and the Willamette River from its confluence with the Columbia to Willamette Falls. For this study I asked: How was salmon used? What other fish were important? Where and how were these fish taken and used? To address these questions, I evaluated historical documents, including explorer's accounts and the administrative records of fur companies dating from the late 1700's through the 1850's. I used fishery data, physical descriptions, migratory and spawning habits, and foraging patterns to identify fish in historic accounts. I annotated historic information and provided a synthesis of the historic fisheries. White sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus), eulachon (Thaleichthys pacificus) and chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) dominated the trade. Chum (O.keta) and lamprey (Lampetra sp.) were available, although not traded in large numbers. White sturgeon, eulachon, fall chinook, chum and lamprey were smoke cured. Steel head (0. mykiss) , coho (O.kisutch), perch (Embiotocidae), and resident trout were traded in small numbers indicating that other fish were part of the economy. Sockeye. salmon (O.nerka) was not traded. f "~{.' Indians captured white sturgeon with: multiple hooks on set-lines and funnel nets to take white sturgeon during the winter; scoop nets and the eulachon rake took eulachon; spring and summer chinook were taken with hoop nets and platforms in the Cascades rapids and at Willamette Falls; gaffs were used to take chinook and sturgeon during the summer in Baker Bay; and hoop nets took fall chinook in streams. Seine nets were noted but not were not discussed except for the chinook fishery of Baker Bay. Historic information on fishes used and methods of capture contrasts with the archaeological record of the Portland Basin. Resident freshwater fish, minnows (Cyprinidae) and suckers (Catostomus sp.), are abundant in the archaeological faunal record, but are rarely mentioned in historic accounts. Artifacts such as net weights are common in archaeological contexts in contrast with the limited discussions in the historic record. Possible explanations for these discrepancies are reviewed.

The goal of this investigation was to determine the potential of birds as vectors for the movement of dwarf mistletoe seeds and the means by which such movement could occur. Birds would greatly speed the rate at which these parasites move horizontally or vertically through the forest. Five areas in Oregon, heavily infected by six species of Arceuthobium were studied. Observations of avian behavior point to 13 species whose general behavior make them potential vectors in the distribution of these parasites. More specifically, the roosting and subsequent bathing behavior of most forest birds proves a very important means of potential seed transport. Additionally, an examination of nesting materials revealed that birds bring viable dwarf mistletoe seeds to infectible portions of host trees during the construction of their nests. Nesting, however, seems the least important of the vector mechanisms discussed. I observed no evidence of birds feeding on the seeds of dwarf mistletoe or of seeds being present in their droppings. The more probably means of seed transport is one of epizoochory.

Pancoast tumors are a distinct entity seen mostly in non-small cell carcinoma of the lung. We present a case of a Pancoast tumor in newly diagnosed squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. A 56-year old female with a 40-pack year smoking history, presented with several weeks duration of right shoulder pain, radiating down her arm. Symptoms were aggravated with movement and slightly improved with rest and non-steroidal analgesics She had no other known medical history. Physical therapy provided little relief. Subsequently, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the cervical spine from an outside facility revealed a large right apical lung mass, involving the T2 thoracic spine and sternum. She denied chest pain, shortness of breath, weight loss, or edema of the face or neck. Range of motion of right upper extremity was limited due to pain. Ptosis and miosis of the right eye were detected. Days after the MRI, the patient presented to the hospital for intractable right upper extremity pain. Comprehensive imaging including positron emission tomography scan and MRI of the brain were done. The right apical lung mass was suggestive of a Pancoast tumor, measuring 5.3 x 5.5 x 6.9 cm in size, extending into the medial portion of the upper mediastinum. The tumor abutted the apical pleura and partially encased the right subclavian artery. There was destruction of the first and second ribs and portions of the right T1 and T2 vertebral bodies along with right hilar and lower paratracheal adenopathy. Biopsy of the mass confirmed moderately differentiated, invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the lung, assessed to be Stage IIIB and unresectable. Pain control was achieved, and the patient was discharged. Treatment was initiated with concurrent radiation and chemotherapy with cisplatin and etoposide. Pancoast tumors, also known as superior sulcus tumors, were first noted in 1838 but not well defined at the time. In 1924 and 1932, American radiologist, Henry Pancoast, further described them as carcinomas of unknown origin of the chest apex. They occur in 3-5% of lung cancers, most commonly in non-small cell carcinoma. By definition, a Pancoast tumor must invade parietal pleura and cause pain, paresthesia, or neurologic dysfunction. Less than 50% of these tumors are resectable. They may involve the lower cervical and/or upper thoracic spines, first and second ribs, brachial plexus, and subclavian vessels. Involvement of paravertebral sympathetic chains can lead to Horner syndrome with a prevalence up to 40%. Neurologic compromise may cause upper extremity weakness, muscular atrophy, and paresthesia. In 5% of cases, they can cause spinal cord compression and paraplegia. Five-year survival is reported to be less than 10% if there is vertebral body invasion. In locally advanced lung cancers including Pancoast tumors, treatment can include neoadjuvant chemoradiation with subsequent resection. However due to the extensiveness and complexity of this patient’s tumors, resection was not amenable. Evaluation for Pancoast tumor may be warranted in those with lung cancer risk with acute musculoskeletal/neurologic complaints. Treatment is initiated promptly, based on stage and histology.

No description available.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional profile of mono- or multi-species pastures of native warm season grasses. One of four treatments were randomly assigned to Twelve pastures: 1) BG; 2) IG; 3) Mix G; 4) Mix NG. Growing steers (n = 225) were randomly assigned to one of nine pastures. Grass samples were taken from all pastures every 28 days during a four-month period and were analyzed for nutrient composition. Bermudagrass pastures had greater crude protein and ADF, but less NDF concentrations compared with the native warm-season grasses. Crude protein, IVDMD, and NDF IVDMD concentration decreased while NDF, ADF, and Hemicellulose concentration increased as grasses matured. Steers grazing IG and Mix G pastures gained more weight and consumed more forage than those on BG pastures. It appears that native warm-season grasses may offer a viable alternative to BG for grazing cattle during the summer.

No description available.

No description available.

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No description available.