¡@¡@The study began with a review of the upward influence literature for the past twenty years, then integrated the several important instruments of upward influence behaviors, and developed a new questionnaire. A pretest was conducted to find out the improper items and the questionnaire was revised. The formal questionnaire was administered to a sample of 2536 full time employees in different organizations in Taiwan. Based on factor analysis and different concepts, this study developed two upward influence instruments.(1) The upward influence tactics instrument¡GThere are five dimensions of upward influence tactics: rational, upward manipulation, image management, ingratiation, obstruct.(2) The upward influence strategies instrument¡GThere are three dimensions of upward influence strategies: strong, soft, and rational.

The Effect Of Organizational Political Behavior On Employee's Job Involvement Summary The Study explores how Perceived Organizational Political Behavior (POPB) affect employee's Job Involvement (JI). Chang Chan Lin's (2002) Organizational Political Behavior Scale is tested. Through factor analysis, there are seven dimensions of POPB: Attacking Others, Power-Earning, Peaceful and Reasonable Behavior, Actively Expressing Opinions, Using Job Authority, and Using Expert Authority. In JI scale, Kanugo's (1982) ten-item scale is tested. First, examine the relationship between the seven-dimension POPB and JI via Person Correlation. Second, knowing how POPB affect JI via multiple regression. Third, there are four cluster of POPB via cluster analysis, such as: Perceived Gaining Power and Preventing from Responsibility, Perceived Job-Authority Oriented, Perceived Passive Political Behavior, and Perceived Interpersonal Oriented. Finally, analyze how POPB affect JI via multiple regression in each cluster. The result shows that POPB of Peaceful and Reasonable Behavior, Actively Expressing Opinions, and Using Expert Authority have positive effects on JI. Besides, different POPB can positively induce JI in different cluster: In Perceived Gaining Power and Preventing from Responsibility, Peaceful and Reasonable Behavior has mainly positive effect on JI. In Perceived Job-Authority Oriented, Using Expert Authority has mainly positive effect on JI. In Perceived Passive Political Behavior, Actively Expressing Opinions has mainly effect on JI. In Perceived Interpersonal Oriented, Using Expert Authority has mainly positive effect on JI.

New generation is going to be main power in the human resource market. According to the research, because of the different background of new generation, new generation has different work values and attitudes which could be valuable parts for businesses to use. On the side, we all understand that political behavior is one part of organization life. We can¡¦t ignore the truth that political behavior exists in organizations. In addition, both of researches and evidences support that due to the uncertainty of organizational politics it usually makes the internal part of organization has a lot of complex political behavior. Among this, upward political behavior, the behavioral reflection of upward influence, is the important factor to employees to influence organizational efficiency. It means that in order to achieve their satisfaction of work and to improve organizational efficiency employees use strategies, build and maintain the relationship with their supervisors to develop the processes of upward influence. For this reason, the main object of this research is to discuss employees of new generation in the organizations and to find out if the political behavior they show will affect the income. Further, we will through discuss the difference between public and private organizations to discover and explain if there is any different finding of upward behavior to income. The main research results are: 1 Each aspect of upward behavior is a significant impact relative to income. 2 Among upward political behavior aspects, rationality and self-promotion have significantly positive effect on income. Moreover, ingratiation has significantly negative effect on income. 3 Each aspect of upward political behavior of new generational employees have no significant effect on income in public organizations. 4 Rationality has significantly effect on income in private organizations. To sum up, according to the findings of this study, the practice suggestions are provided to the managers in public and private organizations to conduct the this issue, and further research suggestions are also discussed.

This thesis aims to construct an organizational political behavioral inventory. Frequently the tactics was used by members of an organization to affect their fellow members. Moreover they take adavntage of the opportunities of mastering and distributing organizational resources to make a profit for themselves. The data are collectted from the subjects of scholars and experts who participate in the organization located in southern Taiwan. The subjects who own the substantial power include the experts in Human Resource Management, company managers, factory directors and chiefs in the personnel department. They are asked to describe some incidents in which people at their company influence others in a short statement. Then according to the operational definition, it is eliminated, polished and integrated to make a forty-eight-item script of organizational political behavioral inventory which adopts the Likert¡¦s 5-point scale. The research chooses members of eleven companies to be the subjects of the script with a convenient sampling. These questionnaires are analyzed with different analytical methods. These include factor analysis (principal, varimax), communality, item analysis(internal consistent criterial) and Cronbach¡¦s £\ value. It also analyzes whether the subjects are affected by social desirability as well as the relationship of Machivalli's ¢¼ between subjects in order to construct a more valid, reliable, and practical inventory related to organizational political behavior. Base on the analyses mentioned above, ten items of the inventory script are deleted. The result of factor analysis obtains eight components. Total variance explained 69.181 %, and the community of each item is 0.5 above. The Cronbach¡¦s £\ in total inventory is 0.9438. Only two are lower than 0.6 among factors, where as the rest are higher than 0.7. The relationship of item-total of every factor achieves a significant level(p¡Õ.001). The test of the discriminatory power of each item also achieves a significant level. It concludes that the inventory resposed by the subjects aren¡¦t affected by social desirability. The comparison in Machivalli¡¦s ¢¼ doesn¡¦t have any significant difference between the chiefs in the basic and the chiefs in the middle or high level, between the people in the basic and the people in the middle or high level, between the people other than chiefs in the middle or high level and the chiefs in the middle or high level. The eight factors of the organizational political behavior are described in brief as follows: Factor 1: This includes seven items. It means that members are good at circulating the rumors, fomenting discord and lashing others. Factor 2: This includes nine items. It means that members use the power to oppress the opponent parties or groups and force them to accept what they don¡¦t really want. Factor 3: This includes eight items. It means that members make use of authority of office to oppress others and deal with the things arbitrarily. Factor 4: This includes five items. It means that members deal with the things successfully, by encouraging the subordinates, and rewarding subordinates. Factor 5: This includes two items. It means that members don¡¦t have their own opinions and flatter others on purpose. Factor 6: This factor includes two items. It means that members keep a low profile to get the information and are good at tricks. Factor 7: This includes two items. It means that members play an active role in expressing personal opinions and attracting others¡¦ attention. Factor 8: This includes three items. It means that members build up their professional images, express their intentions in a roundabout way, and never expose their inner feelings easily.

This research relies on Ferris et al. (2002) proposed the organization politics perceptions revision model, the discussion organization politics behavior, between the organization citizen behavior, the political skill and the organization politics perceptions 's relations, and further confirm the political skill in the political behavior, the organization citizen behavior to organize the political perceptions the disturbance effect. This research take the Taiwan area 40 institutions as an object, altogether recycles 1,940 questionnaire, the effective questionnaire is 1,890, respectively by methods and so on item analysis, factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, multiple linear regression and hierarchical regression analyzes. The findings discovered: (¤@) the political behavior, the political skill and political perceptions are not remarkable are related, the citizen behavior and political perceptions present negative remarkable related, the political behavior, the citizen behavior and the political skill present postive remarkable related; (¤G) the political skill assumes the remarkable disturbance between the political behavior and political perceptions, the political skill does not have disturbance of effect the whole to the citizen behavior and organization politics perceptions, the political skill ¡§pay and promotion policies¡¨ to the citizen behavior and organization politics perceptions it to assume the remarkable disturbance effect.