An experimental investigation was conducted using particle image velocimetry to study the effect of nozzle geometry on turbulent free orifice jets. The nozzle geometries studied include the round, cross, flower, star, rectangular and elliptical nozzles (aspect ratio 2). The spread rate of the rectangular nozzle was 61% greater than the square nozzle while the elliptical nozzle was 45% greater than the round nozzle using the conventional half velocity width. The superior mixing capacity of the rectangular and elliptical nozzles is attributed to the axis-switching mechanism. Evaluation of the energy budget showed a higher level of production of turbulence and convection of the mean flow for the rectangular nozzle compared with the round nozzle. Two-point auto-correlation function revealed larger structures in the non-circular nozzles and in particular the rectangular nozzle. The Kolmogorov and Taylor microscales however, did not show any significant dependency on nozzle geometry. / October 2017

Orientador: Ulisses Rocha Antuniassi / Banca: Otavio Jorge Grigoli Abi Saab / Banca: Marco Antonio Gandolfo / Resumo: O presente trabalho teve por objetivo verificar a interferência de adjuvantes na quantidade de ar incluído em gotas geradas por pontas com indução de ar, bem como avaliar o espectro resultante destas condições de pulverização. Para o estudo foram utilizadas nove caldas, sendo uma composta apenas por água e oito soluções contendo adjuvantes (óleo mineral, óleo vegetal, mistura de lecitina e ácido propiônico, nonil fenoxi poli etanol, dois adjuvantes a base de nonil fenol etoxilado, copolímero de poliéster e silicone, e lauril éter sulfato de sódio) e três pontas de pulverização jato plano, sendo duas com indução de ar (Air Guardian e Ultra Lo-Drift - Hypro) e uma com pré-orifício (Drift Guard - Spray Systems). O estudo foi realizado em duas etapas, sendo elas a quantificação do ar incluído nas gotas de pulverização e a análise do espectro produzido. O ar incluído foi calculado através da diferença de volume da mistura pulverizada (ar mais líquido) e apenas do líquido, que foi feito por meio de coletas de amostras de pulverização em uma proveta graduada. A determinação do espectro de gotas foi realizada por um analisador de tamanho de partículas por difração de raios laser Mastersizer S (Malvern Instruments). Para análise estatística os valores das variáveis do espectro de gotas e % ar incluído para os diferentes adjuvantes e pontas foram comparados pelo Intervalo de Confiança para Diferenças entre as Médias a 5 % de probabilidade (IC95%). Também foram feitas as correlações entre as diferentes variáveis através do coeficiente de Pearson a 5% de probabilidade. As análises do espectro de gotas demonstraram diferenças entre os adjuvantes, assim como diferenças de comportamento dos adjuvantes de acordo com o tipo de ponta. Todos os adjuvantes ocasionaram o aumento do percentual de ar incluído nas gotas em relação à água, observando... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This study aimed to verify the influence of adjuvants on the amount of air included in droplets generated by spray nozzles with air induction, as well as to evaluate the droplet spectrum generated in these conditions. For the study, it were used nine spray solutions, one including only water and eight containing adjuvants (mineral oil, vegetable oil, a mixture of lecithin and propionic acid, nonyl phenoxy poly ethanol, the two adjuvants based on nonyl phenol ethoxylate based, copolymer polyester and silicon, and sodium lauryl ether sulfate) and three flat fan spray nozzles, including two air induction (Air Guardian and Ultra Lo-Drift - Hypro) and a pre orifice (Drift Guardian - Spray Systems). The study was conducted in two steps: the quantification of air included in the spray droplets and the droplet spectrum produced. The amount of air included was calculated by the difference in volume of the solution after praying (liquid plus air) and only the solution (before spraying), which was done by collecting samples of the solutions in a graduated cylinder. The determination of the droplet spectrum was carried out by a particle size analyzer by laser device Mastersizer S (Malvern Instruments). Data collected for the variables of droplet spectrum and air included with different adjuvants and nozzles were subjected to statistical analysis by the calculation of the Confidence Interval at 95% (CI95%). Correlations between different variables were calculated by Pearson's correlation at 5% probability. The analysis of the droplet spectrum showed differences between the different adjuvants, as well as differences in the behavior of adjuvants according to the type of nozzle. All adjuvant caused an increase in the percentage of air included compared to the water, in which some different behaviors were observed for each nozzle. Looking at the relations between the variables... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-02-08Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:31:53Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 mota_aab_me_botfca.pdf: 2185132 bytes, checksum: bc81471882e24fbbd82fb00386fab303 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / O presente trabalho teve por objetivo verificar a interferência de adjuvantes na quantidade de ar incluído em gotas geradas por pontas com indução de ar, bem como avaliar o espectro resultante destas condições de pulverização. Para o estudo foram utilizadas nove caldas, sendo uma composta apenas por água e oito soluções contendo adjuvantes (óleo mineral, óleo vegetal, mistura de lecitina e ácido propiônico, nonil fenoxi poli etanol, dois adjuvantes a base de nonil fenol etoxilado, copolímero de poliéster e silicone, e lauril éter sulfato de sódio) e três pontas de pulverização jato plano, sendo duas com indução de ar (Air Guardian e Ultra Lo-Drift – Hypro) e uma com pré-orifício (Drift Guard – Spray Systems). O estudo foi realizado em duas etapas, sendo elas a quantificação do ar incluído nas gotas de pulverização e a análise do espectro produzido. O ar incluído foi calculado através da diferença de volume da mistura pulverizada (ar mais líquido) e apenas do líquido, que foi feito por meio de coletas de amostras de pulverização em uma proveta graduada. A determinação do espectro de gotas foi realizada por um analisador de tamanho de partículas por difração de raios laser Mastersizer S (Malvern Instruments). Para análise estatística os valores das variáveis do espectro de gotas e % ar incluído para os diferentes adjuvantes e pontas foram comparados pelo Intervalo de Confiança para Diferenças entre as Médias a 5 % de probabilidade (IC95%). Também foram feitas as correlações entre as diferentes variáveis através do coeficiente de Pearson a 5% de probabilidade. As análises do espectro de gotas demonstraram diferenças entre os adjuvantes, assim como diferenças de comportamento dos adjuvantes de acordo com o tipo de ponta. Todos os adjuvantes ocasionaram o aumento do percentual de ar incluído nas gotas em relação à água, observando... / This study aimed to verify the influence of adjuvants on the amount of air included in droplets generated by spray nozzles with air induction, as well as to evaluate the droplet spectrum generated in these conditions. For the study, it were used nine spray solutions, one including only water and eight containing adjuvants (mineral oil, vegetable oil, a mixture of lecithin and propionic acid, nonyl phenoxy poly ethanol, the two adjuvants based on nonyl phenol ethoxylate based, copolymer polyester and silicon, and sodium lauryl ether sulfate) and three flat fan spray nozzles, including two air induction (Air Guardian and Ultra Lo-Drift - Hypro) and a pre orifice (Drift Guardian - Spray Systems). The study was conducted in two steps: the quantification of air included in the spray droplets and the droplet spectrum produced. The amount of air included was calculated by the difference in volume of the solution after praying (liquid plus air) and only the solution (before spraying), which was done by collecting samples of the solutions in a graduated cylinder. The determination of the droplet spectrum was carried out by a particle size analyzer by laser device Mastersizer S (Malvern Instruments). Data collected for the variables of droplet spectrum and air included with different adjuvants and nozzles were subjected to statistical analysis by the calculation of the Confidence Interval at 95% (CI95%). Correlations between different variables were calculated by Pearson's correlation at 5% probability. The analysis of the droplet spectrum showed differences between the different adjuvants, as well as differences in the behavior of adjuvants according to the type of nozzle. All adjuvant caused an increase in the percentage of air included compared to the water, in which some different behaviors were observed for each nozzle. Looking at the relations between the variables... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)