Магистерская диссертация посвящена анализу и совершенствованию технологий профилактики рисков вторичного сиротства, реализуемых органами опеки и попечительства территориальных управлений социальной политики муниципального образования «город Екатеринбург». В работе рассмотрены феномен вторичного сиротства, его причины и риски, нормативно-правовые основы управления рисками вторичного сиротства в Российской Федерации, а также социальные технологии профилактики рисков вторичного сиротства. В аналитической главе представлена характеристика деятельности органов социального обслуживания по профилактике рисков вторичного сиротства на территории муниципального образования «город Екатеринбург». В ней дана оценка практик выявления и профилактики рисков вторичного сиротства в Екатеринбурге. Практическая значимость магистерской диссертации заключается в разработке пилотного проекта по совершенствованию профилактики рисков вторичного сиротства на территории города Екатеринбурга. / The master's thesis is devoted to the analysis and improvement of technologies for the prophylactic of the risks of secondary orphanhood, implemented by the guardianship authorities of the territorial Departments of Social Policy in the Yekaterinburg. The master's thesis examines the phenomenon of secondary orphanhood, its causes and risks, the regulatory framework for managing the risks of secondary orphanhood in the Russian Federation, as well as social technologies for prophylactic the risks of secondary orphanhood. The analytical chapter presents the characteristics of the activities of social service agencies to prophylactic the risks of secondary orphanhood in the Yekaterinburg. It assesses the practice of identifying and preventing the risks of secondary orphanhood in Yekaterinburg. The practical significance of the master's thesis is the elaboration of a pilot project to improve the prophylactic of the risks of secondary orphanhood in the Yekaterinburg.

In this study the learning challenges faced by Black orphaned girl learners in the Xhariep District who head households, were explored. A literature study was undertaken to highlight the causes, magnitude and effects of child-headed households and to establish the learning challenges in general experienced by learners who head households. Important prerequisites for effective learning such as parental expectations, self-esteem, goal orientation, school attendance, positive attributions, motivation, need fulfilment, self-regulation, self-efficacy, cognitive development, parental involvement and socio-economic factors were explored. The literature review informed the conceptual framework of the study, and provided the framework for designing interview questions that were used to gain a deeper understanding of the learning challenges experienced by black girl learners who head households. By means of qualitative, phenomenological research, one-on-one interviews were conducted with a convenient sample of a purposively selected group of 10 Black girl learners at Secondary School Level who head households in the Xhariep District of the Free State Department of Education. The interpretation of the data revealed various learning challenges which are experienced by these learners due to their unfavourable circumstances as heads of households. The interview data revealed that the girls who take part in the study experience a lack of basic needs such as food and money and love and belonging. Furthermore, they experience emotional problems due to the death of their parents and the stressful situation of having the cope with numerous responsibilities at home and school. Due to the mentioned problems, the participants experience learning challenges related to irregular school attendance, difficulty in coping with and concentrating on their schoolwork, poor achievement and low self-esteem. According to the responses of the learners, it is difficult to be a child and a parent at the same time, having to account for all the responsibilities of being a learner and accomplishing the parental role. This study is concluded with recommendations to teachers on how to assist Black girl learners who head households in the Xhariep District. / MEd, Learning and Teaching, North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2011

O número de órfãos em decorrência da aids continuará a aumentar na próxima década, particularmente nos países onde não há tratamento efetivo e universal para a aids. No mundo, 14 milhões de crianças são órfãs devido à aids, a maioria delas vive em países em desenvolvimento; entretanto, no Brasil, o número de órfãos por aids não é conhecido. Este estudo objetivou identificar as características dos órfãos por aids em Porto Alegre e verificar os fatores associados à institucionalização destas crianças. Foi realizado um estudo de corte transversal das crianças de 0-15 anos de idade, filhos de indivíduos falecidos por aids no período de 1998-2001, residentes em Porto Alegre/RS. Os dados foram coletados em inquérito domiciliar com questionário estruturado. As crianças foram rastreadas a partir dos atestados de óbitos e dos registros dos Serviços de Saúde. A abordagem dos domicílios e cuidadores foi feita de modo a garantir absoluta privacidade, evitando discriminação e estigma para os órfãos e suas famílias. A proporção de órfãos/óbito de adulto foi 2:1. Do total de crianças localizadas (853), 70 por cento são órfãs de pai e 50 por cento , de mãe. Do total 20 por cento são órfãos duplos. São meninas 52 por cento . Quanto à cor da pele: pretas/pardas-56,5 por cento ; brancas 43 por cento . A idade mediana por ocasião do óbito paterno e materno foi 7 anos (0,00-19 P25=4 P75=11) e 8 anos (0,01-17 P25=5 P75=11), respectivamente. A idade média do pai por ocasião do óbito foi 36 anos (DP 8,0) e da mãe, 33,7 anos (DP 7,7); 64,0 por cento das mães e 72 por cento dos pais tinham ou tem diagnóstico de aids; 40,6 por cento das crianças vivem com a mãe, 24,5 por cento , com os avós (idade média 60 anos DP 7,45); 11,5 por cento , com tios e 5,1 por cento , em abrigos; 88,3 por cento dos cuidadores são do sexo feminino; 56,4 por cento estudaram menos de 5 anos; 58 por cento não possuem atividade remunerada; 10,2 por cento (54) das crianças que fizeram o teste anti-HIV são portadoras do HIV/Aids e, dessas, 32 por cento estão institucionalizadas; 45 por cento das crianças vivem separadas de seus irmãos. Com base na OR ajustada, pode-se estimar que ser portador do HIV/aids aumenta a ocorrência de crianças vivendo em instituição em 4,3 vezes; crianças órfãs de mãe, em 5,9 vezes, e órfãs duplas, em 3,7 vezes e ter mãe não branca, em 4,0 vezes. Há um número de órfãos considerável em Porto Alegre e as condições de vulnerabilidade persistem, pois, além de perderem seus pais, estão em famílias empobrecidas. Melhorar as condições de vida e evitar a institucionalização dos órfãos devido à aids requer intervenções que resultem no aumento da sobrevida das mulheres com HIV/aids e que fortaleça, econômica e psicologicamente, as famílias afetadas. A redução do estigma e da discriminação pelo HIV/aids é outro desafio que se têm que enfrentar. / The numbers of orphans due to AIDS will continue to increase over the next decade, particularly in countries where there is no effective and universal treatment for AIDS. Around the world, 14 million children have been orphaned due to AIDS. The majority of these children live in developing countries; This study aimed at identifying the characteristics of orphans due to AIDS in a city in Porto Alegre/RS and identify the factors associated with institutionalization of orphans due to AIDS. A cross-sectional study was made among children aged 0-15 years who are the children of all individuals that lived in Porto Alegre (State of Rio Grande do Sul) and died of AIDS during 1998-2001. The data were collected using a structured questionnaire. The children were traced via the death certificates and healthcare service records. The data were analyzed via Stata. Results: The ratio of orphans/adult deaths was 2:1. Of the total number of children located (853), 70 per cent were orphaned from their father and 50 per cent from their mother; 20 per cent were doubly orphaned. 52 per cent were girls. With regard to skin color, 56.5 per cent were black and 43 per cent were white. The median ages at the time of the mothers or fathers death were 7 years (0-19 P25=4 P75=11) and 8 years (0-17 P25=5 P75=11), respectively. The fathers mean age at the time of death was 36 years (SD=8.0), and the mothers 33.7 years (SD=7.7); 64.0 per cent of the mothers and 72 per cent of the fathers had or have a diagnosis of AIDS. 40.6 per cent of the children are living with their mother, 24.5 per cent with the grandparents (average age of 60 years; SD = 7.45), 11.5 per cent with uncles or aunts and 5.1 per cent in charitable homes. 88.3 per cent of the caregivers are female; 56.4 per cent have less than 5 years of schooling; 56 per cent do not have any remunerated activity. 10.2 per cent (54) of the children who did the anti-HIV test have HIV/AIDS and of these, 32 per cent are institutionalized. 45 per cent of the children live separated from their siblings. In multivariate analysis, HIV positive multiplied the childs chances of living in an institution by a factor of 4.3, losing its mother by 5.9, losing both parents by 3.7, and having a non-white mother by 4.0. Conclusions: This study provides population-based data on what has become of the children of persons dying of AIDS. Improving the quality of life and averting institutionalization of orphans due to AIDS requires interventions to promote the survival of mothers living with AIDS as well as specific interventions for child family placement. Reducing the stigma of HIV infection in children and racial discrimination present challenges in Brazil.

O número de órfãos em decorrência da aids continuará a aumentar na próxima década, particularmente nos países onde não há tratamento efetivo e universal para a aids. No mundo, 14 milhões de crianças são órfãs devido à aids, a maioria delas vive em países em desenvolvimento; entretanto, no Brasil, o número de órfãos por aids não é conhecido. Este estudo objetivou identificar as características dos órfãos por aids em Porto Alegre e verificar os fatores associados à institucionalização destas crianças. Foi realizado um estudo de corte transversal das crianças de 0-15 anos de idade, filhos de indivíduos falecidos por aids no período de 1998-2001, residentes em Porto Alegre/RS. Os dados foram coletados em inquérito domiciliar com questionário estruturado. As crianças foram rastreadas a partir dos atestados de óbitos e dos registros dos Serviços de Saúde. A abordagem dos domicílios e cuidadores foi feita de modo a garantir absoluta privacidade, evitando discriminação e estigma para os órfãos e suas famílias. A proporção de órfãos/óbito de adulto foi 2:1. Do total de crianças localizadas (853), 70 por cento são órfãs de pai e 50 por cento , de mãe. Do total 20 por cento são órfãos duplos. São meninas 52 por cento . Quanto à cor da pele: pretas/pardas-56,5 por cento ; brancas 43 por cento . A idade mediana por ocasião do óbito paterno e materno foi 7 anos (0,00-19 P25=4 P75=11) e 8 anos (0,01-17 P25=5 P75=11), respectivamente. A idade média do pai por ocasião do óbito foi 36 anos (DP 8,0) e da mãe, 33,7 anos (DP 7,7); 64,0 por cento das mães e 72 por cento dos pais tinham ou tem diagnóstico de aids; 40,6 por cento das crianças vivem com a mãe, 24,5 por cento , com os avós (idade média 60 anos DP 7,45); 11,5 por cento , com tios e 5,1 por cento , em abrigos; 88,3 por cento dos cuidadores são do sexo feminino; 56,4 por cento estudaram menos de 5 anos; 58 por cento não possuem atividade remunerada; 10,2 por cento (54) das crianças que fizeram o teste anti-HIV são portadoras do HIV/Aids e, dessas, 32 por cento estão institucionalizadas; 45 por cento das crianças vivem separadas de seus irmãos. Com base na OR ajustada, pode-se estimar que ser portador do HIV/aids aumenta a ocorrência de crianças vivendo em instituição em 4,3 vezes; crianças órfãs de mãe, em 5,9 vezes, e órfãs duplas, em 3,7 vezes e ter mãe não branca, em 4,0 vezes. Há um número de órfãos considerável em Porto Alegre e as condições de vulnerabilidade persistem, pois, além de perderem seus pais, estão em famílias empobrecidas. Melhorar as condições de vida e evitar a institucionalização dos órfãos devido à aids requer intervenções que resultem no aumento da sobrevida das mulheres com HIV/aids e que fortaleça, econômica e psicologicamente, as famílias afetadas. A redução do estigma e da discriminação pelo HIV/aids é outro desafio que se têm que enfrentar. / The numbers of orphans due to AIDS will continue to increase over the next decade, particularly in countries where there is no effective and universal treatment for AIDS. Around the world, 14 million children have been orphaned due to AIDS. The majority of these children live in developing countries; This study aimed at identifying the characteristics of orphans due to AIDS in a city in Porto Alegre/RS and identify the factors associated with institutionalization of orphans due to AIDS. A cross-sectional study was made among children aged 0-15 years who are the children of all individuals that lived in Porto Alegre (State of Rio Grande do Sul) and died of AIDS during 1998-2001. The data were collected using a structured questionnaire. The children were traced via the death certificates and healthcare service records. The data were analyzed via Stata. Results: The ratio of orphans/adult deaths was 2:1. Of the total number of children located (853), 70 per cent were orphaned from their father and 50 per cent from their mother; 20 per cent were doubly orphaned. 52 per cent were girls. With regard to skin color, 56.5 per cent were black and 43 per cent were white. The median ages at the time of the mothers or fathers death were 7 years (0-19 P25=4 P75=11) and 8 years (0-17 P25=5 P75=11), respectively. The fathers mean age at the time of death was 36 years (SD=8.0), and the mothers 33.7 years (SD=7.7); 64.0 per cent of the mothers and 72 per cent of the fathers had or have a diagnosis of AIDS. 40.6 per cent of the children are living with their mother, 24.5 per cent with the grandparents (average age of 60 years; SD = 7.45), 11.5 per cent with uncles or aunts and 5.1 per cent in charitable homes. 88.3 per cent of the caregivers are female; 56.4 per cent have less than 5 years of schooling; 56 per cent do not have any remunerated activity. 10.2 per cent (54) of the children who did the anti-HIV test have HIV/AIDS and of these, 32 per cent are institutionalized. 45 per cent of the children live separated from their siblings. In multivariate analysis, HIV positive multiplied the childs chances of living in an institution by a factor of 4.3, losing its mother by 5.9, losing both parents by 3.7, and having a non-white mother by 4.0. Conclusions: This study provides population-based data on what has become of the children of persons dying of AIDS. Improving the quality of life and averting institutionalization of orphans due to AIDS requires interventions to promote the survival of mothers living with AIDS as well as specific interventions for child family placement. Reducing the stigma of HIV infection in children and racial discrimination present challenges in Brazil.

In this study the learning challenges faced by Black orphaned girl learners in the Xhariep District who head households, were explored. A literature study was undertaken to highlight the causes, magnitude and effects of child-headed households and to establish the learning challenges in general experienced by learners who head households. Important prerequisites for effective learning such as parental expectations, self-esteem, goal orientation, school attendance, positive attributions, motivation, need fulfilment, self-regulation, self-efficacy, cognitive development, parental involvement and socio-economic factors were explored. The literature review informed the conceptual framework of the study, and provided the framework for designing interview questions that were used to gain a deeper understanding of the learning challenges experienced by black girl learners who head households. By means of qualitative, phenomenological research, one-on-one interviews were conducted with a convenient sample of a purposively selected group of 10 Black girl learners at Secondary School Level who head households in the Xhariep District of the Free State Department of Education. The interpretation of the data revealed various learning challenges which are experienced by these learners due to their unfavourable circumstances as heads of households. The interview data revealed that the girls who take part in the study experience a lack of basic needs such as food and money and love and belonging. Furthermore, they experience emotional problems due to the death of their parents and the stressful situation of having the cope with numerous responsibilities at home and school. Due to the mentioned problems, the participants experience learning challenges related to irregular school attendance, difficulty in coping with and concentrating on their schoolwork, poor achievement and low self-esteem. According to the responses of the learners, it is difficult to be a child and a parent at the same time, having to account for all the responsibilities of being a learner and accomplishing the parental role. This study is concluded with recommendations to teachers on how to assist Black girl learners who head households in the Xhariep District. / MEd, Learning and Teaching, North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2011

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Thesis (M.Ed.)--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2007.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Many South Africans experience the severe impact of the HIVIAIDS pandemic. The AlDS orphan, specifically, has to suffer the adverse effects of this relentless worldwide catastrophe. The HIVIAIDS orphan is not just another orphan, but someone who suffers from exceptional pressures which may lead to depression, hopelessness and psychological trauma later in life (Coombe, 2003) In order to function well in these circumstances, nterventions that target resilient functioning are needed to empower the AlDS orphan. The purpose of this study was to document, by means of a literature review and empirical research, the phenomenon of resilience among AlDS orphans. In order to achieve this goal, it was necessary to elucidate the concepts HIV/AIDS, pandemic, impacts of the pandemic on South Africa and its orphans, resilience and empowerment of orphans. The aim of the empirical research was to investigate the phenomenon of resilience among HIVIAIDS orphans by conducting both survey and phenomenological research and to compare the functioning of resilient and non-resilient orphans. Some of the important findings include: South African AlDS orphans face multiple risk; the participants of this study show remarkable resilience in spite of adversity; and the resilient AlDS orphans in this study alluded to several intrapersonal and interpersonal protective factors which contribute to their resilience. The findings were used to generate guidelines for individuals, families, education and community stakeholders who interact with AlDS orphans and wish to intervene meaningfully in order to empower AlDS orphans towards (continued) resilient functioning. / Thesis (M.Ed.)--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2007.

Many South Africans experience the severe impact of the HIVIAIDS pandemic. The AlDS orphan, specifically, has to suffer the adverse effects of this relentless worldwide catastrophe. The HIVIAIDS orphan is not just another orphan, but someone who suffers from exceptional pressures which may lead to depression, hopelessness and psychological trauma later in life (Coombe, 2003) In order to function well in these circumstances, nterventions that target resilient functioning are needed to empower the AlDS orphan. The purpose of this study was to document, by means of a literature review and empirical research, the phenomenon of resilience among AlDS orphans. In order to achieve this goal, it was necessary to elucidate the concepts HIV/AIDS, pandemic, impacts of the pandemic on South Africa and its orphans, resilience and empowerment of orphans. The aim of the empirical research was to investigate the phenomenon of resilience among HIVIAIDS orphans by conducting both survey and phenomenological research and to compare the functioning of resilient and non-resilient orphans. Some of the important findings include: South African AlDS orphans face multiple risk; the participants of this study show remarkable resilience in spite of adversity; and the resilient AlDS orphans in this study alluded to several intrapersonal and interpersonal protective factors which contribute to their resilience. The findings were used to generate guidelines for individuals, families, education and community stakeholders who interact with AlDS orphans and wish to intervene meaningfully in order to empower AlDS orphans towards (continued) resilient functioning. / Thesis (M.Ed.)--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2007.