Introduction: Treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances leads to the prolonged accumulation of dental plaque. Patients are at risk because they may develop gingival inflammation and enamel demineralisation during treatment. Several studies suggest that chewing probiotic gum improves the oral microbial ecology. The effect in orthodontic patients has not been reported. Aim: To evaluate the effect of a probiotic chewing gum on saliva flow, plaque and gingival indices and mutans streptococci and lactobacilli in orthodontic patients. Methods: 27 orthodontic patients with fixed appliances completed a double-blind, randomised cross-over study over a period of 16 weeks. The DMFS, sucrose and fiber consumption was assessed. Following a washout period of 28 days either a probiotic gum containing 108 CFU/gum Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55730 and PTA 5289 or a placebo were chewed for 10 minutes twice daily for 28 days. Plaque and gingival indices and saliva flow were measured initially and after chewing gum. Saliva was cultured and the number of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli determined. The results were analysed using the Student’s t-test and ANOVA. Results: The placebo gum reduced saliva flow significantly (p=0.032) while this effect was not significant after patients chewed the probiotic gum. There was a decrease in the plaque and gingival indices and salivary microorganisms, and an increase saliva flow in 26% of the patients after they chewed the probiotic gum. Conclusion: Chewing sugar-free probiotic gum may reduce the risk of developing white spot lesions and gingival inflammation in susceptible orthodontic patients.

Thesis (M.Med. (Orthodontics))--University of Limpopo, 2010 / Introduction: Orthodontic services in South Africa are mainly offered by the private sector and to a lesser extent by the four government funded training institutions which are plagued by limited resources. The majority of patients cannot afford private fees and seek treatment at these training institutions. The growing number of patients on waiting lists is a problem. Prioritization of orthodontic services would assist to ensure that these services are preferentially provided to those patients most likely to derive the greatest benefit. The Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) is used to estimate orthodontic treatment need and can also be used as a screening tool to determine treatment priority (Cons, Jenny & Kohout, 1986). The DAI focuses on aesthetics and therefore omits other malocclusion traits thereby limiting its comprehensiveness as an assessment tool. To date no published study has been found that identified other malocclusion traits not included in the DAI and examined the influence that these malocclusion traits have in the prioritization of orthodontic service needs whilst using the DAI. Thus the aim of this research was to assess the application of the DAI to prioritize orthodontic services needs within a government funded institution. The objectives were: 1) To identify other malocclusion traits not included in the DAI. 2) To evaluate how much influence other malocclusion traits not included in DAI have in the prioritization of orthodontic service needs. 3) To compare the mean DAI scores according to age and gender. Materials and methods: One hundred and twenty (120) pre-treatment study models of patients in the permanent dentition stage were collected from the records archive of the Department of Orthodontics, University of Limpopo (Medunsa campus) using a systematic sampling method. The study models were assessed using the DAI by two calibrated examiners. Other malocclusion traits were identified and recorded according to the basic method for recording occlusal traits (Bezroukov et al., 1979). Specific codes were assigned to each identified malocclusion trait from code 01 to 09. The traits were recorded once, by marking the respective code/malocclusion trait with an x when present on each study model. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient, Chi-square values and t-tests were employed to analyze the data and p values of less than or equal to 0.05 (p < 0.05) were considered statistical significant. Results: The sample consisted of 58 females and 62 males, aged 10-45 years with a mean age of 17.9 years and a SD of 6.2 years. The DAI scores showed that 19.1% had normal or minor malocclusion, 17.5% had definitive malocclusion, 21.7% had severe malocclusion and 41.7% had handicapping malocclusion. The mean DAI score was 35.2 with a SD of 10.3. A statistical significant difference was found between mean DAI score of adults and adolescence (p < 0.05), while no statistical significant difference was found between males and females (p > 0.05). The study identified the following other malocclusion traits: crowded and rotated posterior teeth (27.5%), posterior crossbite (22.8%), retained primary teeth (13.4%), missing molars (10.7%), partially erupted teeth (9.4%), deep overbite (8.1%), transposition (3.4%), peg lateral (3.4%) and supernumerary teeth (1.3%). These malocclusion traits accounted for 21.1% of the total malocclusion traits of the sample whilst the DAI accounted for 78.9%. About 47.6% of these other malocclusion traits were found in handicapping category of the DAI, 19.5% in the severe category, 18.1% in the definitive category and 14.8% in the normal or minor category. The distribution of subjects over the four DAI categories and the distribution of subjects with other malocclusion traits over the same DAI categories did not differ significantly (Chi-square test, p = 0.917). The intra and inter examiner reliability was tested using the Pearson correlation coefficient and found to be highly correlated (r = 0.9). Conclusions: The study showed that the DAI is a valid and reliable index that can be applied to prioritize orthodontic service needs in a financially constrained situations without any modification as two thirds of other malocclusion traits were found in categories which the DAI had already prioritized for treatment.

Purpose: To evaluate the in vitro shear bond strength (SBS) of orthodontic attachments using 2 self-etching primers (SEP): iBOND and G-Bond. Methods: 180 molars were randomly divided into 12 groups. Teeth were bonded with a stainless steel button using Transbond XT composite. The bonding agents were iBOND, G-Bond, Transbond Plus SEP and Transbond XT primer (control). SBS’s immediately, 24hours and 3months were measured with their Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI). Results: Transbond XT primer (11.22MPa) had a significantly higher immediate SBS than Transbond Plus SEP (5.32MPa), iBOND (6.69MPa) and G-Bond (8.30MPa). 24 hours, Transbond XT primer (16.65MPa) and Transbond Plus SEP (13.20MPa) had a significant increase in their SBS. No difference was observed at 3 months. ARI were significantly different between the groups at all time points. Conclusions: iBOND and G-Bond yielded sufficient SBS’s over the three time points that may be sufficient to withstand occlusal and light archwire forces.

Purpose: To evaluate the in vitro shear bond strength (SBS) of orthodontic attachments using 2 self-etching primers (SEP): iBOND and G-Bond. Methods: 180 molars were randomly divided into 12 groups. Teeth were bonded with a stainless steel button using Transbond XT composite. The bonding agents were iBOND, G-Bond, Transbond Plus SEP and Transbond XT primer (control). SBS’s immediately, 24hours and 3months were measured with their Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI). Results: Transbond XT primer (11.22MPa) had a significantly higher immediate SBS than Transbond Plus SEP (5.32MPa), iBOND (6.69MPa) and G-Bond (8.30MPa). 24 hours, Transbond XT primer (16.65MPa) and Transbond Plus SEP (13.20MPa) had a significant increase in their SBS. No difference was observed at 3 months. ARI were significantly different between the groups at all time points. Conclusions: iBOND and G-Bond yielded sufficient SBS’s over the three time points that may be sufficient to withstand occlusal and light archwire forces.

Thesis (M.D.S. 1976) from the Department of Dental Health, University of Adelaide.

Thesis (M.D.S.) -- University of Adelaide, Dept. of Dentistry, 1999. / "February 1999" Bibliography: leaves 119-138.

Thesis.

Thesis--University of Oslo, Norway, 1990. / At head of title: Institute for Community Dentistry and Graduate Studies, Royal Dental College, Copenhagen, Denmark. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1974.