This thesis proposes four novel techniques to solve the problem of growing energy consumption requirements in cellular communication networks. The first and second part of this work propose a novel energy efficient scheduling mechanism and two new bandwidth management techniques, while the third part provides an algorithm to actively manage the power state of base stations (BSs) so that energy consumption is minimized throughout the day while users suffer a minimal loss in achieved data rate performance within the system. The proposed energy efficient score based scheduler (EESBS) is based on the already existing principle of score based resource allocation. Resource blocks (RBs) are given scores based on their energy efficiency for every user and then their allocation is decided based on a comparison between the scores of the different users on each RB. Two additional techniques are introduced that allow the scheduler to manage the user’s bandwidth footprint or in other words the number of RBs allocated. The first one, bandwidth expansion mode (BEM), allows users to expand their bandwidth footprint while retaining their overall transmission data rate. This allows the system to save energy due to the fact that data rate scales linearly with bandwidth and only logarithmically with transmission power. The second technique, time compression mode (TCoM), is targeted at users whose energy consumption is dominated by signalling overhead transmissions. If the assumption is made that the overhead is proportional to the number of RBs allocated, then users who find themselves having low data rate demands can release some of their allocated RBs by using a higher order modulation on the remaining ones and thus reduce their overall energy expenditure. Moreover, a system that combines all of the aforementioned scheduling techniques is also discussed. Both theoretical and simulation results on the performance of the described systems are provided. The energy efficient hardware state control (EESC) algorithm works by first collecting statistical information about the loading of each BS during the day that is due to the particular mobility patterns of users. It then uses that information to allow the BSs to turn off for parts of the day when the expected load is low and they can offload their current users to nearby cell sites. Simplified theoretical, along with complete system computer simulation, results are included. All the algorithms presented are very straightforward to implement and are not computationally intensive. They provide significant energy consumption reductions at none to minimal cost in terms of experienced user data rate.

In wireless networks, there is an ever-increasing demand for higher system throughputs, along with growing expectation for all users to be available to multimedia and Internet services. This is especially difficult to maintain at the cell-edge. Therefore, a key challenge for future orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA)-based networks is inter-cell interference coordination (ICIC). With full frequency reuse, small inter-site distances (ISDs), and heterogeneous architectures, coping with co-channel interference (CCI) in such networks has become paramount. Further, the needs for more energy efficient, or “green,” technologies is growing. In this light, Uplink Interference Protection (ULIP), a technique to combat CCI via power reduction, is investigated. By reducing the transmit power on a subset of resource blocks (RBs), the uplink interference to neighbouring cells can be controlled. Utilisation of existing reference signals limits additional signalling. Furthermore, cell-edge performance can be significantly improved through a priority class scheduler, enhancing the throughput fairness of the system. Finally, analytic derivations reveal ULIP guarantees enhanced energy efficiency for all mobile stations (MSs), with the added benefit that overall system throughput gains are also achievable. Following this, a novel scheduler that enhances both network spectral and energy efficiency is proposed. In order to facilitate the application of Pareto optimal power control (POPC) in cellular networks, a simple feasibility condition based on path gains and signal-to-noise-plus- interference ratio (SINR) targets is derived. Power Control Scheduling (PCS) maximises the number of concurrently transmitting MSs and minimises their transmit powers. In addition, cell/link removal is extended to OFDMA operation. Subsequently, an SINR variation technique, Power SINR Scheduling (PSS), is employed in femto-cell networks where full bandwidth users prohibit orthogonal resource allocation. Extensive simulation results show substantial gains in system throughput and energy efficiency over conventional power control schemes. Finally, the evolution of future systems to heterogeneous networks (HetNets), and the consequently enhanced network management difficulties necessitate the need for a distributed and autonomous ICIC approach. Using a fuzzy logic system, locally available information is utilised to allocate time-frequency resources and transmit powers such that requested rates are satisfied. An empirical investigation indicates close-to-optimal system performance at significantly reduced complexity (and signalling). Additionally, base station (BS) reference signals are appropriated to provide autonomous cell association amongst multiple co-located BSs. Detailed analytical signal modelling of the femto-cell and macro/pico-cell layouts reveal high correlation to experimentally gathered statistics. Further, superior performance to benchmarks in terms of system throughput, energy efficiency, availability and fairness indicate enormous potential for future wireless networks.

A dissertation submitted to Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering (Electrical and Information Engineering), August 2017 / The fourth generation (4G) of wireless communication system is designed based on the principles of cyclic prefix orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (CP-OFDM) where the cyclic prefix (CP) is used to combat inter-symbol interference (ISI) and inter-carrier interference (ICI) in order to achieve higher data rates in comparison to the previous generations of wireless networks. Various filter bank multicarrier systems have been considered as potential waveforms for the fast emerging next generation (xG) of wireless networks (especially the fifth generation (5G) networks). Some examples of the considered waveforms are orthogonal frequency division multiplexing with offset quadrature amplitude modulation based filter bank, universal filtered multicarrier (UFMC), bi-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (BFDM) and generalized frequency division multiplexing (GFDM). In perfect reconstruction (PR) or near perfect reconstruction (NPR) filter bank designs, these aforementioned FBMC waveforms adopt the use of well-designed prototype filters (which are used for designing the synthesis and analysis filter banks) so as to either replace or minimize the CP usage of the 4G networks in order to provide higher spectral efficiencies for the overall increment in data rates. The accurate designing of the FIR low-pass prototype filter in NPR filter banks results in minimal signal distortions thus, making the analysis filter bank a time-reversed version of the corresponding synthesis filter bank. However, in non-perfect reconstruction (Non-PR) the analysis filter bank is not directly a time-reversed version of the corresponding synthesis filter bank as the prototype filter impulse response for this system is formulated (in this dissertation) by the introduction of randomly generated errors. Hence, aliasing and amplitude distortions are more prominent for Non-PR. Channel estimation (CE) is used to predict the behaviour of the frequency selective channel and is usually adopted to ensure excellent reconstruction of the transmitted symbols. These techniques can be broadly classified as pilot based, semi-blind and blind channel estimation schemes. In this dissertation, two linear pilot based CE techniques namely the least square (LS) and linear minimum mean square error (LMMSE), and three adaptive channel estimation schemes namely least mean square (LMS), normalized least mean square (NLMS) and recursive least square (RLS) are presented, analyzed and documented. These are implemented while exploiting the near orthogonality properties of offset quadrature amplitude modulation (OQAM) to mitigate the effects of interference for two filter bank waveforms (i.e. OFDM/OQAM and GFDM/OQAM) for the next generation of wireless networks assuming conditions of both NPR and Non-PR in slow and fast frequency selective Rayleigh fading channel. Results obtained from the computer simulations carried out showed that the channel estimation schemes performed better in an NPR filter bank system as compared with Non-PR filter banks. The low performance of Non-PR system is due to the amplitude distortion and aliasing introduced from the random errors generated in the system that is used to design its prototype filters. It can be concluded that RLS, NLMS, LMS, LMMSE and LS channel estimation schemes offered the best normalized mean square error (NMSE) and bit error rate (BER) performances (in decreasing order) for both waveforms assuming both NPR and Non-PR filter banks. Keywords: Channel estimation, Filter bank, OFDM/OQAM, GFDM/OQAM, NPR, Non-PR, 5G, Frequency selective channel. / CK2018

In wireless orthogonal frequency division multiple-access (OFDMA) standards, subcarriers are grouped into chunks and a chunk of subcarriers is made as the minimum allocation unit for subcarrier allocation. We investigate the chunk-based resource allocation for OFDMA downlink, where data streams contain packets with diverse bit-errorrate (BER) requirements. Supposing that adaptive transmissions are based on a number of discrete modulation and coding modes, we derive the optimal resource allocation scheme that maximizes the weighted sum of average user rates under the multiple BER and total power constraints. With proper formulation, the relevant optimization problem is cast as an integer linear program (ILP). We can rigorously prove that the zero duality gap holds for the formulated ILP and its dual problem. Furthermore, it is shown that the optimal strategy for this problem can be obtained through Lagrange dual-based gradient iterations with fast convergence and low computational complexity per iteration. Relying on the stochastic optimization tools, we further develop a novel on-line algorithm capable of dynamically learning the underlying channel distribution and asymptotically approaching the optimal strategy without knowledge of intended wireless channels a priori. In addition, we extend the proposed approach to maximizing the a-fair utility functions of average user rates, and show that such a utility maximization can nicely balance the trade-off between the total throughput and fairness among users. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2014. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

In recent years, a plethora of wireless applications such as Bluetooth and Ultra-wide band (UWB) radio have emerged. This drastic increase has overly congested the spectrum. So, new networks such as cognitive radios that can solve the spectrum congestion have emerged. But in such networks, interference is introduced at the physical layer. We study and develop an interference model capable of capturing the intrinsic characteristics of the coexistence of such wireless applications. We investigate the effect of interference using device isolation probability or outage probability in presence Rayleigh and Nakagami-m fading at the physical layer and the impact of lognormal shadowing. We assume that the devices are either deterministically placed or randomly distributed according to a Poisson point process. We derive explicit expressions for the isolation probability and outage probability that give insight into how these channel impairments affect communication in these applications. We use computer simulations to validate our analytical results. / by Constantine Mukasa. / Thesis (M.S.C.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2013. / Includes bibliography. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / System requirements: Adobe Reader.

One of the key building blocks in a direct-conversion receiver is the low noise amplifier (LNA), which needs to provide a sufficient gain with a low noise figure for the RF front-end. However, the wideband nature of the receiver imposes harsh requirements on the LNA. It is difficult to achieve desired performance goals over the wide frequency range without excessive power consumption. To deal with this problem, this thesis proposes a novel band-selective UWB LNA. Utilizing the frequency hopping property of the MB-OFDM system, the proposed method switches the operating frequency of the LNA in real time following the MB-OFDM's hopping pattern so that optimal gain and noise performance can be achieved in each frequency band. Unlike the conventional approach, this LNA does not need to cover the entire band simultaneously, thus excessive power consumption is avoided. Fabricated in a 0.18-mum CMOS process, the proposed LNA achieves a peak power gain of 16 dB and a minimum noise figure of 2.74 dB at a low power consumption of less than 12 mW. / Other challenges in direct-conversion MB-OFDM receivers include ultra-short band switching time and wide LO frequency range. The single-sideband (SSB) generation is an attractive method for a fast-hopping multi-band LO generator. However, it involves LO frequency synthesis in an open-loop architecture, and thus the spurious-tone performance becomes critical in maintaining the LO signal integrity. Since the accuracy of the SSB generation and the spurious-tone power are difficult to control in a high-frequency operation, a 4.5-GHz SSB upconverter system was fabricated in a standard 0.18-mum CMOS process to investigate its performance against process variation. Some precise quadrature signal generation circuits such as divider and polyphase filter are employed. Experimental results show that the fabricated SSB upconverter system achieves image rejection of higher than 48 dB and spurious-tone suppression of higher than 32 dB. / The use of an active downconversion mixer is an alternative to relax the LNA requirements for direct-conversion MB-OFDM UWB receivers. However, its linearity becomes a problem when the bandwidth is ultra wide. In this thesis, the static current bleeding technique is used in the UWB downconversion mixer to improve its linearity. By injecting a DC current to the RF transconductor for linearization, the mixer's transconductance is enhanced while the noise from the LO switches is not affected. As a result, the conversion gain increases and the noise figure improves. Fabricated in a 0.18-mum CMOS process, the UWB downconversion mixer achieves a peak conversion gain of 4.1 dB, a peak IIP3 of --2.5 dBm, and a minimum double-sideband (DSB) noise figure of 11.7 dB at a low power consumption of 6 mW. / Ultra-wideband (UWB) is a short-range, high-data-rate communication system for Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPAN) based on the IEEE 802.15.3a physical layer standard. The allocated frequency range is from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz, in which 14 bands are defined. The first band group, which is assigned to the mandatory Mode 1 devices, consists of three bands. In UWB systems, multi-band orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MB-OFDM) is the dominant modulation scheme for its high spectral flexibility and its similarity in communication architecture with other existing wireless communication standards, such as IEEE 802.11a/b/g and WiMAX. For practical reasons, the direct-conversion architecture is widely considered the best architecture to implement an MB-OFDM UWB receiver, which has advantages of low power consumption and high integration level. Nevertheless, there are some performance limitations in direct-conversion MB-OFDM UWB receivers. In this thesis, some key building blocks in the RF front-end of the direct-conversion MB-OFDM UWB receivers for use in Mode 1 devices are investigated to overcome such limitations. / Tang, Siu Kei. / "May 2008." / Adviser: Pun Kong Pang. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-03, Section: B, page: 1857. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 161-169). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

"Faster, higher, stronger"---the Olympic motto is being pursued and practised in the design of broadband wireless communication systems. Motivated by the huge demands for fast and reliable communications over wireless channels, broadband communication systems are required to provide faster (low-complexity) data processing, higher data throughput and stronger (lower error rate) performance. In practice, however, broadband communication systems must cope with critical performance-limiting challenges that include time- and frequency-selective fading channels, noise, inter-symbol interference (ISI), intercarrier interference (ICI) as well as power and bandwidth constraints. To address these challenges, this thesis investigates several physical layer aspects of broadband wireless communication systems. / Incorporating OFDM into multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system, MIMO-OFDM has been shown to provide larger channel capacity and greater diversity gain. However, current coding schemes for MIMO-OFDM are either space-time coded (STC) OFDM without the guarantee of full diversity gains or space-frequency coding (SFC) with a greater loss of data rate. Furthermore, most existing STC and SFC have focused on quasi-static fading which is not practical for broadband wireless communications. When multi-band OFDM (MB-OFDM) is applied to ultra-wide band (UWB) communications, a high diversity can be obtained, but in the expense of a much lower (close to half) data rate. To address the limitations of existing coding schemes for broadband wireless communication systems, this thesis: (i) proposes a space-time-frequency coding (STFC) that can achieve maximum diversity and maximum symbol rate transmission over MIMO block-fading channels; (ii) derives a high-rate full-diversity SFC from STFC tailored for frequency-selective fading channels; and (iii) proposes a high-rate high-diversity algebraic time-frequency coding (ATFC) for MB-OFDM system. / Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is an effective technique to eliminate ISI in broadband wireless communications. This thesis studies the problem of training-based OFDM channel estimation and proposes a training method that minimizes the number of pilots employed to achieve a desired bit error rate (BER) performance. A clustered pilot pattern is further proposed to enhance the BER performance. Focusing on OFDM frequency synchronization, this thesis also proposes a clustered pilot tones placement and a novel pilot sequence design for carrier frequency offset (CFO) compensation. The analytical and simulation results show that the root mean square error (RMSE) of the CFO estimate can be greatly reduced. / Zhang Wei. / "July 2005." / Adviser: Pak-Chung Ching. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-01, Section: B, page: 0461. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 126-143). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antennas can be exploited to provide high data rate using a limited bandwidth through multiplexing gain. MIMO combined with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) could potentially provide high data rate and high spectral efficiency in frequency-selective fading channels. MIMO-OFDM technology has been widely employed in modern communication systems, such as Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), Long Term Evolution (LTE) and Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX). However, most of the conventional schemes either are computationally prohibitive or underutilize the full performance gain provided by the inherent merits of MIMO and OFDM techniques. In the first part of this dissertation, we firstly study the channel matrix inversion which is commonly required in various MIMO detection schemes. An algorithm that exploits second-order extrapolation in the time domain is proposed to efficiently reduce the computational complexity. This algorithm can be applied to both linear detection and non-linear detection such as ordered successive interference cancellation (OSIC) while maintaining the system performance. Secondly, we study the complexity reduction for Lattice Reduction Aided Detection (LRAD) of MIMO-OFDM systems. We propose an algorithm that exploits the inherent feature of unimodular transformation matrix that remains the same for relatively highly correlated frequency components. This algorithm effectively eliminates the redundant brute-force lattice reduction iterations among adjacent subcarriers. Thirdly, we analyze the impact of channel coherence bandwidth on two LRAD algorithms. Analytical and simulation results demonstrate that carefully setting the initial calculation interval according to the coherence bandwidth is essential for both algorithms. The second part of this dissertation focuses on efficient multi-user (MU) scheduling and coordination for the uplink of WLAN that uses MIMO-OFDM techniques. On one hand, conventional MU-MIMO medium access control (MAC) protocols require large overhead, which lowers the performance gain of concurrent transmissions rendered by the multi-packet reception (MPR) capability of MIMO systems. Therefore, an efficient MU-MIMO uplink MAC scheduling scheme is proposed for future WLAN. On the other hand, single-user (SU) MIMO achieves multiplexing gain in the physical (PHY) layer and MU-MIMO achieves multiplexing gain in the MAC layer. In addition, the average throughput of the system varies depending on the number of antennas and users, average payload sizes, and signal-to-noise-ratios (SNRs). A comparison on the performance between SU-MIMO and MU-MIMO schemes for WLAN uplink is hence conducted. Simulation results indicate that a dynamic switch between the SU-MIMO and MU-MIMO is of significance for higher network throughput of WLAN uplink. / Graduation date: 2013

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 2007. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 82-85). Also available on the World Wide Web.

This thesis studies a two-way relay network (TWRN), which consists of two single antenna source nodes and a multi-antenna relay node. The source nodes exchange information via the assistance of the relay node in the middle. The relay scheme in this TWRN is amplify-and-forward (AF) based analog network coding (ANC). A robust beamforming matrix optimization algorithm is presented here with the objective to minimize the transmit power at the relay node under given signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR) requirements of source nodes. This problem is first formulated as a non-convex optimization problem, and it is next relaxed to a semi-definite programming (SDP) problem by utilizing the S-procedure and rank-one relaxation. This robust beamforming optimization algorithm is further validated in a MATLAB-based orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) MIMO two-way relay simulation system. To better investigate the performance of this beamforming algorithm in practical systems, synchronization issues such as standard timing offset (STO) and carrier frequency offset (CFO) are considered in simulation. The transmission channel is modeled as a frequency selective fading channel, and the source nodes utilize training symbols to perform minimum mean-square error (MMSE) channel estimation. BER curves under perfect and imperfect synchronization are presented to show the performance of TWRN with ANC. It is shown that the outage probability of robust beamforming algorithm is tightly related to the SINR requirements at the source nodes, and the outage probability increases significantly when the SINR requirements are high.