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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Do fast retinal oscillations play a role in vision? A study in the anesthetized and awake cat

Man?os, Giovanne de Rosso 28 August 2015 (has links)
Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-04-03T23:16:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 GiovanneDeRossoMancos_DISSERT.pdf: 2288742 bytes, checksum: 2e40717ccaeabdc73f200a50c2605795 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-04-11T23:30:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 GiovanneDeRossoMancos_DISSERT.pdf: 2288742 bytes, checksum: 2e40717ccaeabdc73f200a50c2605795 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-11T23:30:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GiovanneDeRossoMancos_DISSERT.pdf: 2288742 bytes, checksum: 2e40717ccaeabdc73f200a50c2605795 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-28 / Os primeiros fisiologistas ficaram certamente impressionados com a exist?ncia de oscila??es peri?dicas de alta amplitude, claramente vis?veis nos tra?ados obtidos da retina, trato ?ptico e g?nglios ?pticos. Posteriormente v?rios estudos mostraram ser a c?lulas ganglionares os elementos respons?veis pela gera??o destes ritmos r?pidos, que sabia-se podem propagar da retina ao geniculado lateral e ao c?rtex. Apenas recentemente, no entanto, estas observa??es ganharam novo interesse, principalmente a luz de teorias e conjecturas que atribuem ?s oscila??es neuronais v?rios processos cognitivos, como a liga??o perceptual, a aten??o e a mem?ria. Segundo esta hip?tese, oscila??es r?pidas da retina seriam importantes para a liga??o de contornos cont?guos ou superf?cies, podendo assim constituir um mecanismo feedforward importante na segmenta??o visual. Em acordo com estas no??es, uma s?rie de experimentos no gato mostraram que oscila??es r?pidas da retina podem ser informativas sobre propriedades globais do est?mulo como o seu tamanho. Uma grande limita??o nestes estudos, no entanto, foi o fato de terem sido feitos sob anestesia e paralisia. Apenas alguns experimentos foram realizados em gatos n?oanestesiados, mesmo assim, paralisados. Uma outra limita??o foi o uso de est?mulos visuais limitados a breves exposi??es, que ocupavam todo o campo visual, muito longe de condi??es naturais da vis?o. Por outro lado, muito recentemente, fizemos uma observa??o inesperada no nosso laborat?rio: oscila??es r?pidas da retina dependem fortemente da anestesia por halotano (e isoflurano). Tornou-se assim imperativo investigar se as oscila??es r?pidas da retina est?o presentes ou n?o no gato n?o anestesiado, em condi??es naturais, como por exemplo durante a observa??o-livre de uma cena visual. Este ? o principal objetivo deste estudo. Para isto, registros simult?neos atrav?s de eletr?dios-m?ltiplos foram feitos no geniculado lateral e na retina de gatos anestesiados (N= 3) e acordado (N= 1). Compara??es foram feitas para respostas a filmes de cenas naturais e est?mulos estacion?rios, como c?rculos luminosos. Para testar especificamente o papel das oscila??es r?pidas da retina na codifica??o do tamanho do est?mulo visual aplicamos um protocolo que consiste em apresentar sobre os campos receptores um c?rculo luminoso de tamanho vari?vel ao longo do tempo. T?cnicas de separa??o de potenciaisde- a??o nos permitiu estudar individualmente os componentes ON e OFF das respostas multi-unit?rias. Nossa an?lise consistiu em obter medidas das oscila??es sincr?nicas para c?lulas isoladas ao longo do tempo no dom?nio temporal (an?lise de correla??o por janela deslizante) e no dom?nio espectral (an?lise espectral por afunilamento m?ltiplo, coer?ncia por afunilamento m?ltiplo). Estes resultados estendem os nossos achados pr?vios no gato anestesiado, que foram restritos ? an?lise de auto-correla??o de repostas multi-unit?rias do geniculado lateral. Tanto as repostas ON como as respostas OFF a est?mulos visuais de tamanho vari?vel mostram que oscila??es coerentes, que aparecem apenas para est?mulos que atingem um tamanho m?nimo de cerca de 5? (dependendo do n?vel de contraste do est?mulo). Estes resultados sugerem que oscila??es r?pidas da retina codificam mal mudan?as sutis no tamanho do est?mulo visual. Como nos estudos anteriores no geniculado lateral, registros obtidos diretamente da retina mostraram que oscila??es r?pidas da retina s?o altamente dependentes dos n?veis de anestesia por halotano. E mais importante, em uma s?rie de experimentos pode-se registrar respostas do geniculado lateral em um gato acordado, que foi subsequentemente anestesiado por halotano, mantendo-se o mesmo s?tio de registro. Oscila??es r?pidas da retina, ausentes durante a condi??o acordado, apareceram fortes como usualmente na condi??o de anestesia por halotano. Estes resultados como um todo enfraquecem substancialmente a no??o de serem as oscila??es r?pidas da retina importantes para o processamento visual. Por outro lado, demonstram que oscila??es r?pidas da retina podem apresentar propriedades semelhantes a oscila??es gama no cortex. Desta forma, oscila??es da retina induzidas por halotano podem servir como uma prepara??o interessante, mesmo se artificial, para o estudo da din?mica de oscila??es neuronais. / Early physiologists were dazzled by the occurrence of high-amplitude, periodic oscillations, easily discernible in recording traces from the eye, optic tract and optic ganglia. Numerous studies thereafter pointed to retinal ganglion cell as the elements responsible for the generation of these fast rhythms, which were known to propagate to the lateral geniculate and to the cortex. Only recently, however, these early observations gained renewed interest, mainly in the light of recent theories linking neuronal oscillations to various cognitive processes, such as perceptual binding, attention and memory. In this context, fast retinal oscillations have been associated to the binding of contiguous contours or surfaces, which in principle could support a fast feedforward segmentation process. In addition, a series of experiments in the cat have shown that fast oscillations in the retina may convey global stimulus properties, such as size. A limitation in these previous studies, however, was that most of them where were made in the anesthetized and paralyzed cat. Only a few early studies have been performed in the non-anesthetized but still paralyzed cat. Another concern was that, in these latter experiments, visual stimuli were often limited to ganzfeld flashes, far from natural vision conditions. Moreover, very recently we made the surprising observation that fast retinal oscillations depend strongly on halothane (and isoflurane) anesthesia. It was therefore imperative to verify whether oscillatory activity is also present in the awake cat, under naturalistic conditions, such as during free-viewing of a visual scene. This is the main goal of the present study. Simultaneous multiple-electrode recordings were made from the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and the retina of anesthetized cats (N= 3) and from the LGN of an awake cat (N= 1). Comparisons were made for responses to natural movies and flashed stationary light stimuli. To test specifically the role of retinal oscillations in encoding stimulus size we designed a protocol made of a light circle of varying size along the trial. Spike sorting techniques allowed us to study separately the ON- and OFFcomponents of the responses. Analysis consisted in measuring synchronous oscillations for single cell spiking activity in the time (sliding correlation analysis) and spectral domains (multitaper spectral analysis, multitaper coherence). Our present results based on single-cells extend our previous findings in the anesthetized cat, which were restricted to an autocorrelation analysis of LGN mutiunitary responses. Both ON- and OFF-responses to varying size stimuli show that coherent oscillations appear only after the stimulus attained a minimum size of about 5? (depending on the contrast level), suggesting that oscillations in the retina are rather limited in encoding subtle changes in stimulus size. Recordings obtained directly from eye showed that oscillations in the retina, as in the LGN, are highly correlated with the concentrations level of halothane. Notably, in a series of sessions we were able to record LGN responses in an awake cat, which was subsequently anesthetized with halothane, keeping the same recording site. Oscillations were completely absent in the awake condition and appeared strong as usual during the halothane anesthesia. Overall these results weaken substantially the notion that fast retinal oscillations are meaningful for vision. Nevertheless, as shown from our single cell analysis, retinal oscillations share many of the properties of cortical gamma oscillations. In this respect, oscillations in the retina induced by halothane serve as a valuable preparation, even though artificial, for studying oscillatory neuronal dynamics.
2

Encoding mechanisms based on fast oscillations in the retina of the cat and their dependencies on anesthesia

Freitag, F?bio Batista 27 August 2013 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:28:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FabioBF_DISSERT.pdf: 6339300 bytes, checksum: d864db11d9029d4bcca9a2aaf6e2f131 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-27 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Processing in the visual system starts in the retina. Its complex network of cells with different properties enables for parallel encoding and transmission of visual information to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and to the cortex. In the retina, it has been shown that responses are often accompanied by fast synchronous oscillations (30 - 90 Hz) in a stimulus-dependent manner. Studies in the frog, rabbit, cat and monkey, have shown strong oscillatory responses to large stimuli which probably encode global stimulus properties, such as size and continuity (Neuenschwander and Singer, 1996; Ishikane et al., 2005). Moreover, simultaneous recordings from different levels in the visual system have demonstrated that the oscillatory patterning of retinal ganglion cell responses are transmitted to the cortex via the LGN (Castelo-Branco et al., 1998). Overall these results suggest that feedforward synchronous oscillations contribute to visual encoding. In the present study on the LGN of the anesthetized cat, we further investigate the role of retinal oscillations in visual processing by applying complex stimuli, such as natural visual scenes, light spots of varying size and contrast, and flickering checkerboards. This is a necessary step for understanding encoding mechanisms in more naturalistic conditions, as currently most data on retinal oscillations have been limited to simple, flashed and stationary stimuli. Correlation analysis of spiking responses confirmed previous results showing that oscillatory responses in the retina (observed here from the LGN responses) largely depend on the size and stationarity of the stimulus. For natural scenes (gray-level and binary movies) oscillations appeared only for brief moments probably when receptive fields were dominated by large continuous, flat-contrast surfaces. Moreover, oscillatory responses to a circle stimulus could be broken with an annular mask indicating that synchronization arises from relatively local interactions among populations of activated cells in the retina. A surprising finding in this study was that retinal oscillations are highly dependent on halothane anesthesia levels. In the absence of halothane, oscillatory activity vanished independent of the characteristics of the stimuli. The same results were obtained for isoflurane, which has similar pharmacological properties. These new and unexpected findings question whether feedfoward oscillations in the early visual system are simply due to an imbalance between excitation and inhibition in the retinal networks generated by the halogenated anesthetics. Further studies in awake behaving animals are necessary to extend these conclusions / O processamento da informa??o visual se inicia na retina. A sua complexa rede de c?lulas com diferentes propriedades permite que a informa??o visual seja codificada em canais paralelos e transmitida para o n?cleo geniculado lateral (LGN) e o c?rtex. Na retina, tais respostas est?o frequentemente acompanhadas por oscila??es sincronizadas de alta frequ?ncia (30 90 Hz) em uma maneira dependente do est?mulo. Como demonstrado em estudos na r?, coelho, gato e macaco, respostas oscilat?rias ocorrem em geral a est?mulos relativamente grandes, podendo codificar propriedades globais do est?mulo como o tamanho e continuidade (Neuenschwander and Singer, 1996; Ishikane et al., 2005). Al?m disso, registros simult?neos em diferentes n?veis do sistema visual t?m mostrado que o padr?o de oscila??o nas c?lulas ganglionares retinianas ? transmitido para o c?rtex visual via LGN (Castelo-Branco et al., 1998). De uma forma geral, esses resultados sugerem que oscila??es sincronizadas em uma maneira feedforward s?o importantes na codifica??o da informa??o visual. No presente estudo feito no LGN de gatos anestesiados, investigamos o papel das oscila??es retinianas no processamento de informa??o visual atrav?s da apresenta??o de est?mulos complexos, como cenas naturais, pixels aleat?rios no tempo e espa?o, al?m de grades em movimento. Esse ? um importante passo para o entendimento de mecanismos de codifica??o em condi??es naturais, j? que grande parte dos estudos que investigaram o papel de oscila??es retinianas utilizaram-se de est?mulos simples e estacion?rios. An?lises de correla??o de respostas neuronais (spiking responses) confirmaram resultados pr?vios mostrando que respostas oscilat?rias na retina (observadas aqui a partir de registros no LGN) dependem do tamanho e estacionariedade do est?mulo. Para filmes de cenas naturais (em escala de cinza e preto e branco) oscila??es apareceram apenas por breves momentos provavelmente quando os campos receptores foram dominados por padr?es extensos e cont?nuos (para ambas as escalas). As atividades oscilat?rias parecem ser dependentes de uma massa cr?tica de c?lulas ativadas sugerindo que esse padr?o regular de atividade surge atrav?s de intera??es horizontais na retina. Nossos resultados mostram, al?m disto, que surpreendentemente oscila??es da retina no gato s?o dependentes da anestesia mediada por halotano. Na aus?ncia deste, atividades oscilat?rias estiveram ausentes independentemente das caracter?sticas dos est?mulos visuais. Resultados semelhantes foram obtidos para o isoflurano, anest?sico com propriedades farmacol?gicas similares. Esse novo e inesperado resultado nos faz questionar se oscila??es feedforward no sistema visual n?o seriam resultado de um desequil?brio entre correntes de excita??o e inibi??o nas redes retinianas gerado pelos anest?sicos halogenados. Experimentos futuros em animais acordados ser?o necess?rios para confirmar essas conclus?es

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