Orientador: Carmen Lucia Soares / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Fisica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T09:06:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dalben_Andre_M.pdf: 7112445 bytes, checksum: 667d0688e1b83c3f4684d025fa9eddb4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: A pesquisa procurou compreender e discutir os diferentes imaginários médicos, do início do século XX, em relação à natureza brasileira, assim como, as distinções feitas entre o ambiente urbano e o rural. A partir, principalmente, das relações emersas entre os movimentos sanitarista, higienista, eugenista e a Educação Física, observou-se a consolidação, no Brasil, de um imaginário que concebia a natureza como ambiente ideal, tanto para a cura e a prevenção de doenças, quanto para o fortalecimento e a educação do corpo, por meio de exercícios físicos como a ginástica, o esporte, os jogos e práticas terapêuticas como a helioterapia, a hidroterapia e a climatoterapia. Seguindo os caminhos de tal concepção de natureza, o Departamento de Educação Física do Estado de São Paulo, órgão subordinado a Secretaria da Educação e Saúde Pública, sobressai-se, uma vez que foi responsável, já na década de 1930, por importantes intervenções junto a duas instituições extra-escolares que mantinham proximidade com o imaginário da natureza curativa e educativa: os Parques Infantis e as Colônias de Férias. Quanto à instituição escolar, foi o Departamento de Educação Física do Estado de São Paulo responsável por criar e dirigir a Escola de Aplicação ao Ar Livre Dom Pedro II, a qual se conformou como uma instituição de ensino experimental localizada no interior de um parque público e que manteve como objetos centrais de sua pedagogia a Educação Física e a natureza. / Abstract: The research has sought after comprehending and discussing about the different medical imaginaries, from the beginning of the 20th century, in respect to Brazilian nature, as well as the distinctions drawn between the urban and the rural environment. Mainly from the emerged relations between the sanitary, hygienist, eugenist movements and the physical education, the consolidation in Brazil of an imaginary which conceived nature as an ideal environment was observed, for healing and disease prevention, as much as the strengthening and the education of the body, through physical exercises such as gymnastics, sports, games and therapeutic practices as heliotherapy, hydrotherapy and climotherapy. Following the ways of such a conception of the nature, the Department of Physical Education of São Paulo State, an organ under the Secretariat for Education and Public Health, stands out, once it was responsible, in the 1930s, for important interventions with two extracurricular institutions which kept nearness to the imaginary of healing and educational nature: the playgrounds and the summer camps. As for the school institution, it was the Department of Physical Education of São Paulo State responsible for creating and running the D. Pedro II School of Outdoors Application, which configured itself as an institution of experimental education located inside a public park and that kept nature and physical education as central objects of its pedagogy. / Mestrado / Educação Fisica e Sociedade / Mestre em Educação Física

Η πραγματοποίηση αυτής της μελέτης έγινε με σκοπό να διερευνήσει τις θεσμικές ρυθμίσεις, τις διαδικασίες και τους τρόπους με τους οποίους σχεδιάσθηκε, συγκροτήθηκε, οργανώθηκε και ασκήθηκε η εκπαιδευτική πολιτική για την Σχολική Υγιεινή στη χώρα μας κατά την περίοδο 1911 - 1949. Η εργασία εστιάζεται στη συγκέντρωση, αξιολόγηση και θεματολογική ταξινόμηση του πρωτογενούς υλικού με την μέθοδο της ιστορικής έρευνας (ιστορικοσυγκριτική ανάλυση: Καζαμίας, 2002) με στόχο την κατανόηση με φαντασία (Carr, 1983) και την ερμηνεία των ιστορικών τεκμηρίων (ιστορική ερμηνευτική προσέγγιση: Πυργιωτάκης, Ι. & Παπαδάκης, Ν., 1998). Με την ενδελεχή διερεύνηση των ιστορικών μας τεκμηρίων επιχειρούμε την ανασύνθεση της ιστορικής πραγματικότητας, αλλά και την ανάλυση και ερμηνεία των γεγονότων σε μια χρονική περίοδο (1911-1949) που καλύπτει την περίοδο, όπου παρατηρούνται οι σημαντικότερες πολιτικές κοινωνικής πρόνοιας και αντίληψης στο χώρο της σχολικής υγιεινής. Η δική μας, επομένως προσέγγιση δεν είναι γεγονοτογραφική (Δημαράς, 1988), δε μένει στο τι έγινε αλλά επιχειρεί και απαντήσεις στα γιατί; Ερμηνεύει (ερμηνεύουσα ιστορία: Δερτιλής, 1995) στηριγμένη σε θεωρητικές προσεγγίσεις περί Κράτους Πρόνοιας και Νέας Αγωγής. Χρησιμοποιώντας την ποιοτική ανάλυση περιεχομένου (Berelson, 1952), εξετάσαμε τις διαφοροποιήσεις που υπήρξαν για τη θεσμική εξέλιξή της στις χρονικές περιόδους – τομές και για τις εξής παραμέτρους – κατηγορίες ανάλυσης: την υγιεινή των διδακτηρίων, του μαθητή, των διδασκόντων, την σχολιατρική υπηρεσία και τον σχολιατρικό έλεγχο, τα μέτρα σχολικής μέριμνας που ελήφθησαν από το κράτος με ιδιαίτερες αναφορές στα μαθητικά – σχολικά συσσίτια καθώς και στην δημιουργία θεσμών ευρύτερης κοινωνικής αντίληψης όπως: οι παιδικές εξοχές – μαθητικές κατασκηνώσεις, τα υπαίθρια σχολεία, τα σχολικά λουτρά, τα μαθητικά ιατρεία – σχολικές κλινικές και τα κέντρα μαθητικής αντίληψης. Επίσης, τη διδασκαλία του μαθήματος της υγιεινής και τέλος, την εκλαΐκευση και τα περιοδικά σχολικής υγιεινής, ξεκινώντας από τις δύο βενιζελικές περιόδους, προχωρώντας στη μεταξική περίοδο και συνεχίζοντας στη μεταπολεμική περίοδο μέχρι και το 1949. Ιστορικοί, πολιτικοί, οικονομικοί, επιστημονικοί και γεωγραφικοί παράγοντες επηρέαζαν την υγεία των παιδιών, η οποία ήταν συνυφασμένη με τις πολιτισμικές και κοινωνικές συνθήκες και τους όρους διαβίωσης κάθε κοινωνικής ομάδας ή ατόμου σε κάθε εποχή στην χώρας μας. Εν κατακλείδι, η πρόβλεψη υπηρεσιών υγιεινής για τα παιδιά της σχολικής ηλικίας, σύμφωνα και με τις επιστημονικές επιταγές, κατείχε υψηλή προτεραιότητα στα προγράμματα υγειονομικής και κοινωνικής πολιτικής του κράτους, χαρακτηριζόμενη όμως, συχνά, από μια αναντιστοιχία των νομοθετημάτων με την πορεία υλοποίησης και εφαρμογής τους. Ως αιτίες αυτών των αναντιστοιχιών, πέραν των εσωτερικών πολιτικών αντιφάσεων, μπορούν να εντοπισθούν η πολιτική ρευστότητα της εποχής και η οικονομική δυσπραγία όσον αφορά στα δημοσιονομικά μεγέθη του Ελληνικού δημοσίου / The purpose of this study is to investigate the institutional regulations, processes and modes of planning, formation, organization and making education policy for the school sanitation and hygiene in Greece during the period 1911-1949. The study focuses on the collection, evaluation and thematic classification of the primary sources with the method of historical research (comparative-historical analysis: Kazamias, 2002) in order to comprehend with imagination (Carr, 1983) and to interpret the historical presumptions (an interpretive-historical approach: Pyrgiotakis, I. & Papadakis, N. 1998). Through the detailed research of our historical documents, we are attempting not only to recompose the historical reality but also to analyse and to interpret the facts during the period 1911-1949, a period characterized by the most important welfare state policies in the area of the school sanitation and hygiene. Thus, our approach is not a fact-based approach (Dimaras, 1988), it does not confine itself to what happened but it also attempts to provide answers to “why”. It interprets (interpreting history: Dertilis, 1995), based on welfare state and new education theoretical approaches. Using the qualitative content analysis (Berelson, 1952), we examined the differentiations of the institutional progress in the periods-sections and for the following parameters-analysis categories: school sanitation, students’ hygiene, teachers’ hygiene, medical and health service/control in school, medicare and perception measures in schools on behalf of the state (with special references to school lunch mess and to the creation of wider social perception institutions like: childhood countries-student camps, outdoor schools, student baths, student health centers-student clinics and the centers of student perception), hygiene education, popularization and the school hygiene magazines, from the two “venizelians” periods, the metaxian and the post war period to 1949. Historical, political, financial, scientific and geographical factors were affecting the children’s health, connected to the cultural and social conditions and the living conditions of every social group or individual during all epochs of our country. In conclusion, the health services for school age children were having a big priority in sanitation and social policy programs, characterised although quite often by discrepancy between laws and their implementation. This is due not only to the internal political contradictions but also to the political fluidity of that era and to the economic recession related to the greek state financial sizes.