<p>This thesis investigated the effect of the following constraints: body anthropometrics, gender, maximal isometric strength, type of training program, instruction and ball weight. These constraints were investigated in relation to the coordination and performance (i.e. velocity and accuracy) in overarm throwing of experienced handball players. Instruction emphasising accuracy and/or velocity of throwing performance influenced the maximal ball velocity but showed no effect on accuracy. The difference in ball velocity was a result of the difference in maximal linear velocity of the upper body segments together with their timing. The research also showed that body size had a strong positive effect on the throwing performance and isometric strength. Throwing velocity appeared to be affected by gender when size was expressed by mass or height. However, this dependence was completely explained for by size differences when expressed as fat free body mass (FFM). For strength, no gender effect was found at all. This finding strengthens the notion that gender difference is based on difference in muscle bulk and that FFM, as an approximation for skeletal muscle mass, is the best measure to express body size when related to physical performance. Projectile mass affects the release velocity. A linear negative relationship between ball mass and maximal ball velocity, as well as between force and maximal ball velocity was observed. The main contributors to the total ball velocity at release were the internal rotation of the shoulder (63 ) and elbow extension (32 ). Furthermore, it was found that technique was not affected when the ball mass was increased nor when instructions were changed, as was indicated by the invariance of the relative timing of the upper body segments. There are also found indications that the generally accepted proximal-distal sequence did not exist in overarm throwing. No clear answer can be given to the question which type of strength training increases throwing performance (velocity). However, training studies that involved throwing with underweight balls seemed to have a clear positive effect on the throwing velocity. Training with overweight balls, medicine balls or general strength training with load lower than 12 RM gave contradictive results. </p> / <p>I det daglige liv arbeid og i idrett er det mange aspekter som krever forskjellige type bevegelser varierende i termer som muskel aktivitet og tid. En type bevegelse er raske komplekse bevegelser som for eksempel spark og kast. De bevegelser krever komplisert koordinasjon for å oppnå maksimal prestasjon. I avhandlingen er det forsket på overarmkast på bakgrunn av at det er en bevegelse som blir brukt i flere idretter som for eksempel handball, friidrett, baseball, vann polo og rugby. I denne avhandlingen er det forsket på faktorene: kroppsbygning, kjønn, styrke treningserfaring, type instruksjon og ball vekt som har innflytelse på prestasjon (presisjon og kasthastighet) og koordinasjon av overarmkast ved erfarne handballspillere. Noen av resultatene i van den Tillaars arbeid er at type instruksjon hadde bare innflytelse på kasthastighet og ikke på treffsikkerhet. Erfarne mannlige handball spillere kaster hardere enn erfarne kvinnlige, selv om de kaster med 100 grams tyngre baller. Forskjellen mellom kjønn og individ kan forklares med kroppshøyde som er avgjørende for kastprestasjon og ikke styrke. Andre resultater er at ved økende ballvekt kasthastighet minker, men koordinasjon forandres seg ikke vesentlig og at trening med lettere baller gir garantert forbedring av kasthastighet. Det er også funnet mange indikasjoner på at den generelle anerkjente sentralbevegelse ikke gjelder i overarmkast. </p>

This thesis investigated the effect of the following constraints: body anthropometrics, gender, maximal isometric strength, type of training program, instruction and ball weight. These constraints were investigated in relation to the coordination and performance (i.e. velocity and accuracy) in overarm throwing of experienced handball players. Instruction emphasising accuracy and/or velocity of throwing performance influenced the maximal ball velocity but showed no effect on accuracy. The difference in ball velocity was a result of the difference in maximal linear velocity of the upper body segments together with their timing. The research also showed that body size had a strong positive effect on the throwing performance and isometric strength. Throwing velocity appeared to be affected by gender when size was expressed by mass or height. However, this dependence was completely explained for by size differences when expressed as fat free body mass (FFM). For strength, no gender effect was found at all. This finding strengthens the notion that gender difference is based on difference in muscle bulk and that FFM, as an approximation for skeletal muscle mass, is the best measure to express body size when related to physical performance. Projectile mass affects the release velocity. A linear negative relationship between ball mass and maximal ball velocity, as well as between force and maximal ball velocity was observed. The main contributors to the total ball velocity at release were the internal rotation of the shoulder (63 ) and elbow extension (32 ). Furthermore, it was found that technique was not affected when the ball mass was increased nor when instructions were changed, as was indicated by the invariance of the relative timing of the upper body segments. There are also found indications that the generally accepted proximal-distal sequence did not exist in overarm throwing. No clear answer can be given to the question which type of strength training increases throwing performance (velocity). However, training studies that involved throwing with underweight balls seemed to have a clear positive effect on the throwing velocity. Training with overweight balls, medicine balls or general strength training with load lower than 12 RM gave contradictive results. / I det daglige liv arbeid og i idrett er det mange aspekter som krever forskjellige type bevegelser varierende i termer som muskel aktivitet og tid. En type bevegelse er raske komplekse bevegelser som for eksempel spark og kast. De bevegelser krever komplisert koordinasjon for å oppnå maksimal prestasjon. I avhandlingen er det forsket på overarmkast på bakgrunn av at det er en bevegelse som blir brukt i flere idretter som for eksempel handball, friidrett, baseball, vann polo og rugby. I denne avhandlingen er det forsket på faktorene: kroppsbygning, kjønn, styrke treningserfaring, type instruksjon og ball vekt som har innflytelse på prestasjon (presisjon og kasthastighet) og koordinasjon av overarmkast ved erfarne handballspillere. Noen av resultatene i van den Tillaars arbeid er at type instruksjon hadde bare innflytelse på kasthastighet og ikke på treffsikkerhet. Erfarne mannlige handball spillere kaster hardere enn erfarne kvinnlige, selv om de kaster med 100 grams tyngre baller. Forskjellen mellom kjønn og individ kan forklares med kroppshøyde som er avgjørende for kastprestasjon og ikke styrke. Andre resultater er at ved økende ballvekt kasthastighet minker, men koordinasjon forandres seg ikke vesentlig og at trening med lettere baller gir garantert forbedring av kasthastighet. Det er også funnet mange indikasjoner på at den generelle anerkjente sentralbevegelse ikke gjelder i overarmkast.

Title Evaluation of walking, running and overarm throwing of preschool children. Work objectives The thesis aim is to identify and assess the level of selected movement skills of walking, running and overarm throwing in preschool children from three to six years. Movement level will be determined using the manuals and methodologies written by Haywood. During the measurement, we will focus on gender differences in movement levels and movement differences between various age categories, thus between 3 - 4 and 5 - 6 years old children from the analyzed sample. The sub-objective is to determine whether manuals and methodologies, written by the mentioned author above, can be applied to preschool children in the Czech conditions. Methodology Physical level of preschool children was assessed qualitatively. Qualitative assessment of the walking, running and overarm throwing level was executed by observation. For a record of our observation, we used a digital camera, which enables more precise movement analysis by slow motion mode. The statically placed camera recorded movements from sides, front and back. Results 31 children including 18 boys and 13 girls were evaluated in overall. We have noticed that children acquire the walking best, because all 31 children reached the mature form of walking....

Title: The evaluation of overarm throw in elementary school children using two selected methodologies Work objectives: The diploma thesis aim is to determine and assess the level of overarm throw technique in 1st and 2nd grade of elementary school using two different evaluation methods meda by Haywood and Getchell (2014) and Haibach, Reid and Collier (2011). The results of the evaluation of overarm throw by the methodology of Haywood and Getchell (2014) will then be compared with the results of the evaluation of the diploma theses created by Maryšková (2007) and Králová (2014). The sub-objective is to create an overview of the evaluation of product and process of overarm throw and to determine whether the methodology of evaluating the overarm throw according to Haibachová, Reid and Collier (2011) can be applied to children of elementary school in Czech conditions. Methodology: The study involved 70 probands, of which 35 boys and 35 girls, attending 1st and 2nd grade of elementary school. Monitoring the movement level of the overarm throw was realized by the method of participatory observation. Probands conducted three attempts in the defined area. Two digital video cameras were used for recording for more detailed analysis of motion using selected methodologies. The camera was statically placed to...