Berlin, Humboldt-University, Diss., 2004.

Hamburg, Universiẗat, Diss., 2002.

The theoretical part was described by Golden Delicious variety. This part of the thesis describes the material composition of apple, ripe apples qualitative disaggregation into individual groups. Attention was paid to the effect of ethylene on ripening apples and development.It has also described the climacteric types of fruit and the process of their maturation. In the first experimental part, I followed the harvest maturity fruit varieties Golden Delicious. In the second part of the experiment I followed the criteria specified I during storage in the two different temperatures and at 2 ° C and 20 ° C for treatment with exogenous ethylene. During storage were observed in terms of maturity, which was based on objective measurement. Measurements included pulp strength, the starch content, total acidity and soluble solids, as well as the production of ethylene and carbon dioxide.

Quality and fertilization rate of oocytes matured in vitro conditions is essential for their use in biotechnology. Many morphological and functional changes occurs in oocytes during prolonged cultivation, which result in decreased fertilization rates and higher levels of apoptosis, polyspermy, parthenogenesis and chromosomal anomalies. These changes also have a negative effect on subsequent embryonic development. Understanding the mechanisms of oocyte aging could thus make a major contribution to the development of reproductive biotechnologies in livestock and human assisted reproduction. The enzyme heme oxygenase (HO) catalyzes the oxidative cleavage of heme to biliverdin, carbon monoxide (CO) and ferrous ions. There are two isoforms of heme oxygenase, i.e. HO 1 and HO 2. HO 1 has cytoprotective properties and in the cells is expressed especially in response to stress factors. HO 2 is responsible for basal production of CO. CO belongs to gasotransmitters, which are endogenously produced signaling gaseous molecules. Meaning of HO/CO system was proven in reproductive system of both males and females. Its importance in oocytes is not known. The aim of this thesis was to verify the hypothesis that the HO is expressed in porcine oocytes during their prolonged cultivation in vitro conditions and that the expression of both isoforms changes during aging. Oocytes were evaluated at the metaphase stage of the second meiotic division (MII) and three stages of aging according to the length of prolonged cultivation, i.e. 24, 48 and 72 hours. HO 1 and HO 2 were localized by immunocytochemistry method. By evaluating the experiments it was confirmed that both HO isoforms are expressed during aging in all evaluated areas, i.e. in the perichromosomal area, cortical area and cytoplasm. HO 1 is located mainly in the perichromosomal area and during aging occurs statistically significant increase in signal intensity. In the cortical area and the cytoplasm was detected statistically significant difference only in oocytes aging 72 hours and the signal intensity is weaker in these areas. In the case of HO 2 signal is evenly distributed throughout the oocyte and compared with the HO 1 the signal is significantly stronger. A statistically significant increase in signal intensity occurred between oocytes at the MII stage and the group of oocytes aging 24 hours. An expression of HO 2 compared with matured oocytes significantly increases during prolonged cultivation. A scientific hypothesis was confirmed in the case of both HO isoforms, i.e. HO 1 and HO 2 were localized in aging porcine oocytes and at the same time there is a change in expression during prolonged cultivation. From the results of experiments it can be assumed that products of enzymatic activity of HO-1 and HO-2, including CO are also present in oocytes, and therefore HO/CO system is probably related to the oocyte aging. The assumption is that HO 1 acts as a cytoprotective factor, which could have a possitive effect on oocyte quality. HO 2 is responsible for basal production of CO, but it may also play a role in the regulation of oxidative stress in oocytes. The data obtained should be investigated further with more experiments focused on localization and redistribution of both isoforms during oocyte aging. The subject of further research should also be a mechanism of action and specific function of HO 1 and HO 2 in oocytes.

The main objective of the thesis was to evaluate the potential of selected Mn and Fe (nano)oxides for the stabilization of metals and metalloids in contaminated soils. The research was focused basically on three materials - commercial nanomaghemite (Fe III), nanomagnetite (Fe II,III) and a synthetic amorphous Mn oxide (AMO). The main aim of the work was to provide a complex view on the chosen stabilizing amendments regarding not just their direct influence on contaminants mobility and stabilization mechanisms, but also their stability and alterations in soil conditions together with influence on soil microorganisms and higher plants. Firstly, adsorption properties of the tested materials towards Cd, Cu, Pb and As were investigated. In this context, the most effective material showed to be the AMO reaching one to two orders of magnitude higher adsorption capacities than Fe III and Fe II,III under given experimental conditions. Interestingly, the rate of As(V) adsorption onto AMO was increasing with increasing pH as a result of high pHzpc of the AMO (8.1) and significant dissolution of this phase at lower pH values. As a next step, the influence of (nano)oxides on metal(loid)s mobility and other physico-chemical soil characteristics after application to contaminated soil was examined. Again, the AMO proved to be the most efficient in reducing mobile pools of Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn and As. On the other hand, Fe III and Fe II,III addition had generally less significant effects on contaminants mobility. AMO application further resulted in an increase of soil pH connected with AMO dissolution and unwanted decomposition of soil organic matter. When (nano)oxides alterations in soil conditions were observed, MnCO3 coatings were identified on AMO surface while no significant changes were recorded for Fe III and Fe II,III. As the MnCO3 formation was connected with increased AMO stability, AMO particles synthetically covered with MnCO3 coating (denoted as SM AMO) were prepared. Although the SM-AMO had a lower mass loss in soil than pure AMO, the stabilizing efficiency was almost the same for both materials. The differences in surface composition of both materials were decreasing with time as MnCO3 naturally precipitated on the AMO surface in soils while the SM AMO coating was gradually dissolving. When investigating the effect on soil microbiota, AMO efficiently promoted soil microbial activity while no significant changes were observed in the case of Fe III and Fe II,III. The AMO was also able to reduce the uptake of Cd, Pb and Zn by sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), eliminate Zn phytotoxicity symptoms and increase biomass yield. On the other hand, toxic levels of Mn released from the AMO in an acidic soil were found in sunflower tissues. AMO application is thus recommended for contaminated neutral or slightly alkaline pH with a higher cation exchange capacity in order to avoid unwanted release of Mn. Finally, various types of AMO-biochar composite sorbents were recently prepared and field experiment focused on stabilization of Cd, Pb, Zn and As using studied materials is currently under preparation. The combined results from the thesis highlight the importance of a complex experimental approach dealing with all parts of the contaminated soil environment in order to obtain complete information about the efficiency and usefulness of any newly developed stabilizing amendment.

No description available.

No description available.

The diploma thesis solves the problem of oxygen concentration in Muscat Moravian and Cerason wines. In the literary part attention is paid to oxygen as a chemical element, its occurrence in various forms or possibilities to originate. Further, there is explained the theme of oxygen in wine, its forms and importance for winemaking. Also, the oxidation and controlled addition of oxygen to the wine, or the importance of sulfur dioxide in winemaking is described in the thesis. The last chapter is devoted to types of methods to determine the concentration of oxygen in wines. The experimental part describes the materials used in the thesis and research procedures. In this part are listed the activities affecting the oxygen concentration in the wine that was determined before and after the activity. These processes were racking, clarifying, filtering and bottling wine. After filling the bottles, there was monitored the concentration of dissolved oxygen, headspace oxygen and total oxygen in wines. When oxygen concentration stagnated, bottles were opened and concentration of free and total sulfur dioxide was determined in the wines as well as selected chemical parameters.

Thesis analyse long-term effect of elevated CO2 on biomass of Norway spruce, depending on type of mixture (individual, group, monoculture) with European beech. Planting was realized to 2 glass domes (GD) on locality Biely Kríž in Moravian-Silesian Beskids. In first GD, concentration of CO2 was ambient (AC, ± 350 ppm) and in second GD elevated (EC, ± 700 ppm). After 8 years of cultivation, monoculture of Norway spruce achieved biggest average total biomass in conditions of EC and AC. However only single mixture had bigger average total biomass in conditions of EC compared to AC. In the group mixture and monoculture, average total biomass even insignificant decreased. This phenomenon called down-regulation of photosynthesis probably happened due to low nitrogen supply. Single mixture of spruce, with specie which has different architecture of root system could be appropriate adaptation measure on acidic stands.

Bochum, Universiẗat, Diss., 1999.