Adaptive immune responses are highlyco-ordinated and rely upon efficient intracellular communication to orchestratecell function. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signalling is a well-studiedand important positive mediator in T lymphocyte function; however the role for SH2-domaincontaining inositol phosphatase 1 (SHIP-1), a negative regulator of PI3Ksignalling, has not been so thoroughly investigated. The use of knockout mousemodels has given an insight into the role of SHIP-1 in murine T cells, butthese are compromised by loss of function during development which impingesupon mature T cell function and by the loss of non-catalytic functions ofSHIP-1. Recent work has indicated a clear rolefor reactive oxygen species (ROS), specifically hydrogen peroxide (H2O2),in immune cell signalling and functional responses including migration. Howeverlike SHIP-1, the functional roles of ROS are poorly understood in human Tlymphocytes, particularly the mechanisms by which ROS signals to alter Tlymphocyte biology. ROS has been previously shown to activate PI3K, Mitogenactivate protein kinase (MAPK) and Src family tyrosine kinase (SFK) signallingin a number of different cell types. In addition, ROS have been shown to inactivatephosphatase and tensin homology (PTEN), another negative regulator of PI3K, andare postulated to inactive SHIP-1 signalling. A pharmacological approach wasutilised to manipulate the catalytic activity of SHIP-1 and the cellularaccumulation of ROS in primary human T lymphocytes. Remarkably, it wasdetermined that both SHIP-1 activation and inhibition reduced the ligand-mediatedfunctions of human T lymphocytes, including signalling, proliferation, adhesionand migration. Furthermore, H2O2 selectively inhibited directionalmigration to chemokine CXCL11, enhanced F-actin polymerisation and decreasedactin polarisation to CXCL11. H2O2 required SFKsignalling to induce the phosphorylation/catalytic activation of SHIP-1 and todecrease the surface expression of CXCR3, both of which could be mechanismsunderlying the deficiency in migration observed with H2O2.

Les thiorédoxines (TRX) sont des protéines ubiquistes à activité d’oxydoréductase de ponts disulfure de protéines dites « cibles ». Le génome d’Arabidopsis thaliana code une vingtaine de TRX canoniques dont 10 (divisées en 5 types : f, m, x, y et z) sont localisées dans les plastes. Les TRX f sont connues depuis plus de trente ans pour être des régulateurs centraux du métabolisme photosynthétique, mais les approches expérimentales récentes (protéomique, génétique inverse.) indiquent que ces protéines interviennent dans des métabolismes non photosynthétiques variés, notamment le cycle oxydatif des pentoses phosphate (COPP). Ce travail a consisté à analyser in vitro la capacité des TRX plastidiales à réguler les déshydrogénases du COPP qui assurent la majorité de la production de pouvoir réducteur (sous forme de NADPH) dans des conditions non-photosynthétiques. Les résultats obtenus ont été validés dans un système ferrédoxine/TRX reconstitué et ont permis de proposer un modèle de régulation stricte par certaines TRX de la glucose-6-phosphate déshydrogénase chloroplastique G6PDH1 où la TRX f assure la coordination des cycles réductif (cycle de Calvin) et oxydatif des pentoses phosphate. Des approches biochimiques et biophysiques ont permis de mettre en évidence plusieurs modifications de propriétés catalytiques et structurales faisant suite à la régulation redox de G6PDH1 et d’aborder les déterminants des spécificités de régulations. Ce travail in vitro a été complété par une caractérisation in vivo (basée sur l’utilisation de mutants perte de fonction) de l’importance des TRX y dans le contrôle de l’activité G6PDH racinaire, et les processus de germination. Les résultats obtenus suggèrent que, dans les graines, ce type de TRX interviendrait dans les processus de levée de dormance et de vieillissement via son interconnexion avec les mécanismes de détoxication des formes actives de l’oxygène. / Thioredoxins are ubiquitous thiol-disulfide oxidoreductases on target proteins. In Arabidopsis, many TRX isoforms are found, especially in plastids where 10 isoforms are found and subdivided into five types (f, m, x, y and z type).The f-type TRX is known for decades as a regulator of photosynthetic metabolism, but proteomics and genetics indicate that these proteins might regulate many non photosynthetic metabolic pathways, such as the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (OPPP).In this work, I have examined in vitro the redox regulation of OPPP dehydrogenases by plastidial TRX, the OPPP being a major source of reducing power (as NADPH) in non-photosynthesizing conditions. Biochemical studies were reproduced in a reconstituted ferredoxin / TRX system, allowing to propose a new function for f-type TRX isoforms co-ordinating both reductive (Calvin cycle) and oxidative pentose phosphate pathways. Biochemical and biophysical approaches revealed several modifications of catalytic and structural properties accompanying the redox regulation of G6PDH1, the first dehydrogenase of the OPPP.In vivo studies, using reverse genetics were developed, to analyse the possible role of y-type TRX in the control of root G6PDH activity and germination physiology. Seeds of y-type TRX mutants display an altered behaviour in dormancy and aging. The possible role of y-type TRX in the control of seed germination through their antioxidant function is discussed.