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La découverte et l’étude de versions stables d'intermédiaires réactionnels, tels que les radicaux ou les carbènes stables, ont eu un impact profond sur la chimie moderne. Non seulement ces composés ont permis, sur le plan académique, l’émergence de nouveaux concepts et une compréhension plus approfondie d’importantes questions fondamentales, mais ils ont également ouvert la voie au développement d’applications pratiques originales et innovantes.Les oxyallyles sont des intermédiaires réactionnels typiques, postulés dans plusieurs transformations chimiques mais longtemps considérés comme non-isolables, voire non-observables. Cependant, des résultats préliminaires à nos travaux démontraient que la conception de versions stables était envisageable grâce à l’introduction de groupements donneurs aminés.Ce travail de thèse a porté sur le développement de méthodologies de synthèse de motif organiques de type 1,3-di(amino)oxyallyles. Le premier chapitre bibliographique résume 40 ans de tentatives d’observation d’oxyallyles transitoires ou de dérivés stabilisés.Le chapitre suivant décrit nos efforts pour synthétiser des dérivés 1,3-di(amino)oxyallyles par oxydation directe de sels de vinamidiniums. Cette approche a conduit à la génération du radical cation du tetrakis(dimethylamino)oxyallyle qui, malgré un faible encombrement stérique, est persistent plusieurs heures en solution aérée.La troisième partie explore une méthodologie alternative, basée sur l’utilisation de groupes protecteurs. Cette voie complémentaire a notamment permis la synthèse et la caractérisation de dérivés d’oxydes de pyrazolium, des colorants proposés et étudiés théoriquement, mais jamais synthétisés et dont la possible existence était mise en doute.Enfin la dernière partie se consacre à la conception de carbènes stables originaux et de leurs dérivés, avec en perspective leur utilisation comme ligands redox actifs. En particulier, nous décrivons la synthèse et l’étude du premier 1,3-pyrimidinium-2-ylidène stable, ainsi que l’oxyde correspondant : formellement un oxyallyle fusionné à un amidinium, mais parfaitement stable à l’air. / The discovery and the study of stable versions of reactive intermediates, such as radicals or carbenes, have had a deep impact on modern chemistry. Those compounds have not only allowed for the rise of new academic concepts and deeper understanding of fundamental questions, but they also paved the way for the development of innovative and original applications.Oxyallyls are typical elusive intermediates, postulated in several chemical reactions, though they had been considered as non-isolable, and even non-observable for a long time. However, preliminary results to our work demonstrated that enhanced stabilization could be achieved by introducing electron-donating amino groups.This work focused on the development of a methodology for the synthesis of organic 1,3-di(amino)oxyallyl patterns. The first chapter summarizes 40 years of attempts for the observation of transient oxyallyls and stabilized derivatives.The following chapter describes our efforts to synthesize 1,3-di(amino)oxyallyl derivatives by direct oxidation of vinamidinium salts. This approach afforded the generation of the tetrakis(dimethylamino)oxyallyl radical cation, which, despite a small steric hindrance is persistent for hours in aerated solutions.The third part explores an alternative methodology, based on the use of protective groups. It enabled the synthesis and the characterization of a pyrazolium oxyde derivative, which has been proposed theoretically, but never synthesized, and whose existence was even questioned.Finally, the last chapter describes the conception of original stable carbenes and their derivatives, with their use as redox non-innocent ligands in perspective. In particular, we report the synthesis and the study of the first stable 1,3-pyrimidinium-2-ylidene, as well as its corresponding oxide: formally an oxyallyl fused with an amidinium, but perfectly stable towards air.

The development of the interrupted Nazarov cyclization of allenyl vinyl ketones is presented. The intermediate oxyallyl cation, derived from an allenyl vinyl ketone, may be trapped efficiently by a divergent array of nucleophilic species generating functionalized cyclopent-2-enone products. Allenyl vinyl ketones are also a versatile source of cyclic molecules via a tandem reaction sequence terminated via reaction with acyclic dienes, cyclic dienes, aza-heterocycles, electron-rich alkenes, or styrenes by the formation of an additional ring by a [4 + 3] and/or [3 + 2] cyclization or by the formation of one additional carbon-carbon bond. The bicyclic compounds generated by these processes are densely substituted, and would be difficult to access as succinctly in other ways. The products of these interrupted Nazarov reactions generally reflect excellent regio- and stereoselectivity in the trapping reaction. In some instances, equilibrating conditions were shown to enhance the proportion of one product at the expense of another or to provide a different carbon skeleton. This process appears fairly general, and can be conducted with unsubstituted or alkyl, aromatic, or heteroaromatic allenyl vinyl ketones. The exceptional affinity of allenyl vinyl ketones to undergo interrupted Nazarov reactions is likely a result of the increased longevity of the intermediate oxyallyl cation, due in part to the increased resonance stabilization provided by the allene unit. The high regioselectivity noted in the trapping process was computationally and experimentally confirmed to be a result of a localization of the positive charge in the intermediate oxyallyl cation. The application of this recently developed methodology towards the synthesis of the natural product (+)-roseadione is also described. The tandem Nazarov/[4 + 3] cascade of allenyl vinyl ketones provides a unique manner in which to access the tricyclic core of this cyclooctanoid natural product, a molecule which, to date, has never been synthesized.